Hall Craig R, Munroe-Chandler Krista J, Cumming Jennifer, Law Barbi, Ramsey Richard, Murphy Lisa
School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
J Sports Sci. 2009 Feb 15;27(4):327-37. doi: 10.1080/02640410802549769.
The present study investigated 345 athletes' (male = 152, female = 193) use of observational learning and imagery for practice and at competition and how this related to sport confidence. The Functions of Observational Learning Questionnaire (Cumming et al., 2005), the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (Hall et al., 1998), and the Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (Vealey, 1986) were contextualized by asking participants to rate each item twice, once for practice and once for competition. The athletes reported using each of the different functions of observational learning and imagery in these situations, but the pattern of use differed. Whereas nearly all of the imagery functions were more frequently used at competition, the majority of observational learning functions were used more for practice. Cognitive specific and motivational general-mastery imagery were significant predictors of sport confidence in practice and competition, whereas the skill function of observational learning significantly predicted practice confidence only.
本研究调查了345名运动员（男性 = 152人，女性 = 193人）在训练和比赛中对观察学习和心理意象的运用情况，以及这与运动自信心的关系。通过要求参与者对《观察学习问卷》（卡明等人，2005年）、《运动心理意象问卷》（霍尔等人，1998年）和《特质运动自信心量表》（维利，1986年）中的每个项目进行两次评分，一次针对训练，一次针对比赛，将这些问卷置于具体情境中。运动员们报告称在这些情境中使用了观察学习和心理意象的各种不同功能，但使用模式有所不同。几乎所有心理意象功能在比赛中使用得更频繁，而大多数观察学习功能更多地用于训练。认知特定和动机通用 - 掌握心理意象是训练和比赛中运动自信心的显著预测指标，而观察学习的技能功能仅显著预测训练自信心。
