Musshoff F, Rosendahl W, Madea B
Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Mar 10;185(1-3):84-8. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.016. Epub 2009 Feb 6.
In the literature, there are reports about the presence of cocaine, nicotine and cannabinoids in the hair of ancient mummies from South America or Egypt. Most of the results have been criticised because of the use of improper analytical techniques or contamination of the sample material. Recently an exhibition of 70 mummies from around the globe was organized at the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen in Mannheim, Germany. It shows exhibits assembled by one of the worldfamous mummy projects, involving various specialists for anthropology, pathology, radiology, molecular biology and toxicology. Within this project, hair samples of eight pre-Columbian mummies were analyzed for drugs using modern routine gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques. The tests revealed negative results, except for nicotine in the hair of three mummies. Nicotine was measured in concentrations of 57.5 ng/mg in the hair of a woman, 14.1 ng/mg in the hair of a child and 11.4 ng/mg in the hair of a further female mummy, but all cases revealed negative results for cotinine. The target analysis was performed with limits of detection of 0.04 ng/mg for nicotine and 0.033 ng/mg for cotinine. The washing solutions yielded negative results for both analytes, nicotine as well as cotinine. In our opinion, even with respect to negative results in the washing solutions, the present results cannot definitely confirm an active consumption with body passage in the life time of the analyzed mummies: An external contamination cannot be excluded, e.g. by transfer from smoking visitors or employees during the early collection history of the objects in the 19th century, as well as in their respective lifetime.
在文献中，有关于在来自南美洲或埃及的古代木乃伊头发中存在可卡因、尼古丁和大麻素的报道。由于使用了不当的分析技术或样品材料受到污染，大多数结果受到了批评。最近，在德国曼海姆的赖斯 - 恩格尔霍恩博物馆举办了一场来自全球的70具木乃伊展览。展览展示了由世界著名的木乃伊项目之一收集的展品，该项目涉及人类学、病理学、放射学、分子生物学和毒理学等各方面的专家。在这个项目中，使用现代常规气相色谱 - 质谱技术对8具前哥伦布时期木乃伊的头发样本进行了药物分析。测试结果显示为阴性，只有3具木乃伊的头发中检测出尼古丁。在一名女性木乃伊的头发中，尼古丁浓度为57.5纳克/毫克，在一名儿童木乃伊的头发中为14.1纳克/毫克，在另一具女性木乃伊的头发中为11.4纳克/毫克，但所有病例的可替宁检测结果均为阴性。目标分析的尼古丁检测限为0.04纳克/毫克，可替宁检测限为0.033纳克/毫克。清洗液中两种分析物，即尼古丁和可替宁的检测结果均为阴性。我们认为，即使清洗液检测结果为阴性，目前的结果也不能绝对证实被分析的木乃伊在生前有主动摄入并通过身体代谢的情况：不能排除外部污染，例如在19世纪这些物品早期收集过程中，由吸烟的参观者或工作人员转移过去，以及在它们各自的保存期间。
