Scheerer Stefanie, Ortega-Morales Otto, Gaylarde Christine
Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3TL, United Kingdom.
Adv Appl Microbiol. 2009;66:97-139. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2164(08)00805-8.
Cultural heritage monuments may be discolored and degraded by growth and activity of living organisms. Microorganisms form biofilms on surfaces of stone, with resulting aesthetic and structural damage. The organisms involved are bacteria (including actinomycetes and cyanobacteria), fungi, archaea, algae, and lichens. Interactions between these organisms and stone can enhance or retard the overall rate of degradation. Microorganisms within the stone structure (endoliths) also cause damage. They grow in cracks and pores and may bore into rocks. True endoliths, present within the rock, have been detected in calcareous and some siliceous stone monuments and are predominantly bacterial. The taxonomic groups differ from those found epilithically at the same sites. The nature of the stone substrate and the environmental conditions influence the extent of biofilm colonization and the biodeterioration processes. A critical review of work on microbial biofilms on buildings of historic interest, including recent innovations resulting from molecular biology, is presented and microbial activities causing degradation are discussed.
文化遗产古迹可能会因生物的生长和活动而变色和退化。微生物在石材表面形成生物膜，从而造成美学和结构上的破坏。涉及的生物有细菌（包括放线菌和蓝细菌）、真菌、古菌、藻类和地衣。这些生物与石材之间的相互作用会加快或减缓整体退化速度。石材结构内部的微生物（内生菌）也会造成破坏。它们在裂缝和孔隙中生长，可能会钻入岩石。在钙质和一些硅质石材古迹中已检测到存在于岩石内部的真正内生菌，且主要是细菌。其分类群与在同一地点石材表面发现的不同。石材基质的性质和环境条件会影响生物膜的定殖程度和生物劣化过程。本文对有关具有历史意义建筑上微生物生物膜的研究工作进行了批判性综述，包括分子生物学带来的最新创新，并讨论了导致退化的微生物活动。
