Karmiloff-Smith Annette
Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
Dev Psychol. 2009 Jan;45(1):56-63. doi: 10.1037/a0014506.
This article argues that one dominant position in psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and philosophy about how genetic disorders point to the innate specification of dissociated modules in the human brain should be replaced by a dynamic, neuroconstructivist approach in which genes, brain, cognition, and environment interact multidirectionally. The article challenges current thinking about a series of questions: (a) Do significantly better scores in one domain necessarily indicate an intact module? (b) What do scores in the normal range suggest? (c) What is wrong with mental-age matching? (d) Why is the notion of an intact module unlikely? (e) Do developmental disorders suggest associations rather than dissociations? (f) Is the environment the same for atypically developing individuals? The article concludes by examining the implications of taking a neuroconstructivist approach and by arguing that human intelligence is not a state (i.e., not a collection of static, built-in modules that can be intact or impaired) but a process (i.e., the emergent property over developmental time of dynamic, multidirectional interactions between genes, brain, cognition, behavior, and environment) with domain-specific outcomes impossible without the process of development.
本文认为，心理学、语言学、神经科学和哲学领域中关于遗传疾病如何指向人类大脑中分离模块的先天规定的一种主导观点，应该被一种动态的神经建构主义方法所取代，在这种方法中，基因、大脑、认知和环境进行多向互动。本文对当前关于一系列问题的思考提出了挑战：（a）在一个领域中显著更高的分数必然表明一个完整的模块吗？（b）正常范围内的分数意味着什么？（c）心理年龄匹配有什么问题？（d）为什么完整模块的概念不太可能？（e）发育障碍表明的是关联而非分离吗？（f）非典型发育个体所处的环境相同吗？本文通过审视采用神经建构主义方法的影响进行总结，并认为人类智力不是一种状态（即不是一组可以完整或受损的静态内置模块），而是一个过程（即基因、大脑、认知、行为和环境之间动态多向互动在发育过程中产生的特性），没有发育过程就不可能有特定领域的结果。
