Wienke B R
Nuclear Weapons Technology/Simulation and Computing, Applied and Computational Physics Division, C&C Dive Team Leader, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-F699, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
Comput Biol Med. 2009 Apr;39(4):309-31. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2008.12.013. Epub 2009 Feb 28.
A quantitative summary of computer models in diving applications is presented, underscoring dual phase dynamics and quantifying metrics in tissue and blood. Algorithms covered include the multitissue, diffusion, split phase gradient, linear-exponential, asymmetric tissue, thermodynamic, varying permeability, reduced gradient bubble, tissue bubble diffusion, and linear-exponential phase models. Defining relationships are listed, and diver staging regimens are underscored. Implementations, diving sectors, and correlations are indicated for models with a history of widespread acceptance, utilization, and safe application across recreational, scientific, military, research, and technical communities. Presently, all models are incomplete, but many (included above) are useful, having resulted in diving tables, underwater meters, and dive planning software. Those herein employ varying degrees of calibration and data tuning. We discuss bubble metrics in tissue and blood as a backdrop against computer models. The past 15 years, or so, have witnessed changes and additions to diving protocols and table procedures, such as shorter nonstop time limits, slower ascent rates, shallow safety stops, ascending repetitive profiles, deep decompression stops, helium based breathing mixtures, permissible reverse profiles, multilevel techniques, both faster and slower controlling repetitive tissue halftimes, smaller critical tensions, longer flying-after-diving surface intervals, and others. Stimulated by Doppler and imaging technology, table and decompression meter development, theory, statistics, chamber and animal testing, or safer diving consensus, these modifications affect a gamut of activity, spanning bounce to decompression, single to multiday, and air to mixed gas diving. As it turns out, there is growing support for many protocols on operational, experimental, and theoretical grounds, with bubble models addressing many concerns on plausible bases, but with further testing or profile data analyses requisite.
本文对潜水应用中的计算机模型进行了定量总结，强调了双相动力学，并对组织和血液中的指标进行了量化。涵盖的算法包括多组织、扩散、分裂相梯度、线性指数、非对称组织、热力学、可变渗透率、简化梯度气泡、组织气泡扩散和线性指数相模型。列出了定义关系，并强调了潜水阶段方案。指出了在休闲、科学、军事、研究和技术领域中具有广泛接受、应用和安全应用历史的模型的实现方式、潜水领域和相关性。目前，所有模型都不完整，但许多模型（包括上述模型）都很有用，已经产生了潜水表、水下仪表和潜水计划软件。本文中的模型采用了不同程度的校准和数据调整。我们将组织和血液中的气泡指标作为计算机模型的背景进行讨论。在过去大约15年中，潜水协议和表格程序发生了变化并有所增加，例如缩短了无停留时间限制、降低了上升速度、增加了浅度安全停留、采用了上升重复剖面、增加了深度减压停留、使用了氦基呼吸混合气、允许反向剖面、采用了多级技术、更快和更慢地控制重复组织半衰期、减小了临界张力、延长了潜水后飞行的水面间隔等等。受多普勒和成像技术、表格和减压仪表开发、理论、统计、舱室和动物试验或更安全潜水共识的刺激，这些修改影响了一系列活动，从弹跳潜水到减压潜水，从单次潜水到多日潜水，从空气潜水到混合气潜水。事实证明，基于操作、实验和理论依据，许多协议得到了越来越多的支持，气泡模型在合理的基础上解决了许多问题，但仍需要进一步测试或剖面数据分析。
