Stark John D, Vargas Roger
Ecotoxicology Program, Washington State University, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2009 Feb;102(1):139-43. doi: 10.1603/029.102.0120.
Diazinon has been used extensively in the past as part of California eradication programs for tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a soil drench, but it is being phased out for this purpose in the United States. Therefore, in this study, the toxicity of Platinum, Force, Admire, Regent, and Warrior was estimated after application to sand and soil as drenches for control of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett); and oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in Hawaii. Susceptibility of each species differed. In sand, the order of toxicity at LC50 based on the 95% confidence limit overlap approach for C. capitata from most toxic to least toxic was diazinon > Force = Warrior > Admire = Platinum > Regent. The order of toxicity for B. dorsalis was diazinon > Platinum = Warrior = Force > Regent = Admire. The order of toxicity for B. cucurbitae was Warrior = diazinon > Force = Regent = Platinum = Admire. Based on the dose ratio method, Warrior was not significantly different at LC50 than diazinon for B. cucurbitae only. All other insecticides were significantly different from diazinon at LC50. Studies in sand were followed by an evaluation of specific concentrations of Warrior and Force in soil collected from two sites on the island of Kauai. Average concentrations that caused at least 95% mortality in soil in all three fruit fly species were 121 g active ingredient (AI)/ha for Force and 363 g (AI)/ha for Warrior compared with 182 g (AI)/ha for diazinon. These results indicate that Force and Warrior could be used as soil treatments for control of tephritid fruit flies.
过去，二嗪农作为土壤浇灌剂，被广泛用于加利福尼亚州实蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）的根除计划，但在美国正逐步淘汰该用途。因此，在本研究中，评估了铂乐、敌杀死、艾美乐、锐劲特和功夫对沙地和土壤进行浇灌后，用于防治夏威夷的地中海实蝇（Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)）、瓜实蝇（Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)）和东方果实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)）的毒性。每种实蝇的敏感性有所不同。在沙地中，基于95%置信区间重叠法的半数致死浓度（LC50）毒性顺序，对于地中海实蝇，从毒性最强到最弱依次为：二嗪农＞敌杀死 = 功夫＞艾美乐 = 铂乐＞锐劲特；对于东方果实蝇，毒性顺序为：二嗪农＞铂乐 = 功夫 = 敌杀死＞锐劲特 = 艾美乐；对于瓜实蝇，毒性顺序为：功夫 = 二嗪农＞敌杀死 = 锐劲特 = 铂乐 = 艾美乐。基于剂量比法，仅对于瓜实蝇，在LC50时功夫与二嗪农无显著差异。所有其他杀虫剂在LC50时与二嗪农均有显著差异。沙地研究之后，评估了从考艾岛两个地点采集的土壤中功夫和敌杀死的特定浓度。在所有三种实蝇中，能在土壤中导致至少95%死亡率的平均浓度，敌杀死为182克活性成分（AI）/公顷，功夫为363克（AI）/公顷，铂乐为121克（AI）/公顷。这些结果表明，功夫和铂乐可作为土壤处理剂用于防治实蝇。
