Hurd Hilary
Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitilogy, School of life Sciences, Keele University, United Kingdom.
Adv Parasitol. 2009;68:85-110. doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00604-0.
Many hosts are able to tolerate infection by altering life-history traits that are traded-off one against another. Here the reproductive fitness of insect hosts and vectors is reviewed in the context of theories concerning evolutionary mechanisms driving such alterations. These include the concepts that changes in host reproductive fitness are by-products of infection, parasite manipulations, host adaptations, mafia-like strategies or host compensatory responses. Two models are examined in depth, a tapeworm/beetle association, Hymenolepis diminuta/Tenebrio molitor and malaria infections in anopheline mosquitoes. Parasite-induced impairment of vitellogenesis ultimately leads to a decrease in female reproductive success in both cases, though by different means. Evidence is put forwards for both a manipulator molecule of parasite origin and for host-initiated regulation. These models are backed by other examples in which mechanisms underlying fecundity reduction or fecundity compensation are explored. It is concluded that evolutionary theories must be supported by empirical evidence gained from studying molecular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying changes in host life-history traits, ideally using organisms that have evolved together and that are in their natural environment.
许多宿主能够通过改变相互权衡的生活史特征来耐受感染。在此，我们结合有关驱动此类改变的进化机制的理论，综述昆虫宿主和病媒的生殖适应性。这些理论包括宿主生殖适应性的变化是感染的副产物、寄生虫操控、宿主适应、类似黑手党的策略或宿主补偿反应等概念。我们深入研究了两个模型，一个是绦虫/甲虫组合，即微小膜壳绦虫/黄粉虫，以及按蚊中的疟疾感染。在这两种情况下，寄生虫诱导的卵黄发生损伤最终都会导致雌性生殖成功率下降，不过方式不同。我们提出了源自寄生虫的操控分子以及宿主启动调节的证据。这些模型得到了其他一些例子的支持，在这些例子中，人们探索了繁殖力降低或繁殖力补偿的潜在机制。得出的结论是，进化理论必须得到实证证据的支持，这些证据来自于研究宿主生活史特征变化背后的分子、生化和生理机制，理想情况下是使用共同进化且处于自然环境中的生物。
