Snyder Gregory J, Hough Monica Strauss, Blanchet Paul, Ivy Lennette J, Waddell Dwight
The Laboratory for Stuttering Research, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
J Commun Disord. 2009 May-Jun;42(3):235-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2009.02.002. Epub 2009 Feb 28.
Relatively recent research documents that visual choral speech, which represents an externally generated form of synchronous visual speech feedback, significantly enhanced fluency in those who stutter. As a consequence, it was hypothesized that self-generated synchronous and asynchronous visual speech feedback would likewise enhance fluency. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-generated visual feedback (i.e., synchronous speech feedback with a mirror and asynchronous speech feedback via delayed visual feedback) on overt stuttering frequency in those who stutter.
Eight people who stutter (4 males, 4 females), ranging from 18 to 42 years of age participated in this study. Due to the nature of visual speech feedback, the speaking task required that participants recite memorized phrases in control and experimental speaking conditions so that visual attention could be focused on the speech feedback, rather than a written passage. During experimental conditions, participants recited memorized phrases while simultaneously focusing on the movement of their lips, mouth, and jaw within their own synchronous (i.e., mirror) and asynchronous (i.e., delayed video signal) visual speech feedback.
Results indicated that the self-generated visual feedback speaking conditions significantly decreased stuttering frequency (Greenhouse-Geisser p=.000); post hoc orthogonal comparisons revealed no significant differences in stuttering frequency reduction between the synchronous and asynchronous visual feedback speaking conditions (p=.2554).
These data suggest that synchronous and asynchronous self-generated visual speech feedback is associated with significant reductions in overt stuttering frequency. Study results were discussed relative to existing theoretical models of fluency-enhancement via speech feedback, such as the engagement of mirror neuron networks, the EXPLAN model, and the Dual Premotor System Hypothesis. Further research in the area of self-generated visual speech feedback, as well as theoretical constructs accounting for how exposure to a multi-sensory speech feedback enhances fluency, is warranted.
: Readers will be able to (1) discuss the multi-sensory nature of fluency-enhancing speech feedback, (2) compare and contrast synchronous and asynchronous self-generated and externally generated visual speech feedback, and (3) compare and contrast self-generated and externally generated visual speech feedback.
最近的研究表明，视觉合唱言语作为一种外部产生的同步视觉言语反馈形式，能显著提高口吃者的流畅性。因此，研究假设自我产生的同步和异步视觉言语反馈同样能提高流畅性。所以，本研究的目的是调查自我产生的视觉反馈（即通过镜子进行同步言语反馈和通过延迟视觉反馈进行异步言语反馈）对口吃者明显口吃频率的影响。
八名口吃者（4名男性，4名女性），年龄在18至42岁之间，参与了本研究。由于视觉言语反馈的性质，说话任务要求参与者在对照和实验性说话条件下背诵记忆的短语，以便将视觉注意力集中在言语反馈上，而不是书面段落。在实验条件下，参与者背诵记忆的短语，同时在自己的同步（即镜子）和异步（即延迟视频信号）视觉言语反馈中关注嘴唇、嘴巴和下巴的动作。
结果表明，自我产生的视觉反馈说话条件显著降低了口吃频率（Greenhouse-Geisser p = .000）；事后正交比较显示，同步和异步视觉反馈说话条件之间在口吃频率降低方面没有显著差异（p = .2554）。
这些数据表明，同步和异步自我产生的视觉言语反馈与明显口吃频率的显著降低有关。研究结果结合通过言语反馈提高流畅性的现有理论模型进行了讨论，如镜像神经元网络的参与、EXPLAN模型和双前运动系统假说。有必要在自我产生的视觉言语反馈领域以及解释多感官言语反馈如何提高流畅性的理论结构方面进行进一步研究。
读者将能够（1）讨论提高流畅性的言语反馈的多感官性质，（2）比较和对比同步和异步自我产生及外部产生的视觉言语反馈，以及（3）比较和对比自我产生和外部产生的视觉言语反馈。
