Hall M J R, Testa J M, Smith L, Adams Z J O, Khallaayoune K, Sotiraki S, Stefanakis A, Farkas R, Ready P D
Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
Med Vet Entomol. 2009 Jun;23 Suppl 1:72-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00780.x.
Wohlfahrt's wound myiasis fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), is the most important cause of traumatic myiasis in the southern Palaearctic region. Larval stages are obligate parasites and the wounds caused by infestations are very similar to those caused by Old and New World screwworm flies. During the last decade, W. magnifica appears to have expanded its range to parts of northern and central Morocco, and to Crete, Greece. Specimens of W. magnifica were collected in Morocco and Crete either as larvae (preserved in 80% ethanol) or as adults (dry-pinned). Comparison specimens were collected in Spain, Hungary and mainland Greece. A DNA fragment containing the 3' 715 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from each of 132 larvae or adults of W. magnifica and the amplicons were directly sequenced and analysed phylogeographically. Twelve cytochrome b haplotypes were detected. All haplotypes from Morocco belonged to a lineage that included specimens from the Iberian peninsula, and restricted mixing of central and northern populations in Morocco was demonstrated. Cytochrome b haplotyping combined with an analysis of larval size provided clear evidence of multiple infestations of hosts in all geographical areas, with one quarter of wounds containing larvae from two to at least four females. More than 80% of specimens from Crete contained a haplotype predominating in mainland Greece and Hungary. Our survey indicated that wohlfahrtiosis was more widespread in northern and central Morocco than previously recorded by government veterinarians. However, the prevalence of wohlfahrtiosis was low (< 1%). The high genetic diversity of Moroccan populations is consistent with longterm endemicity, rather than recent introduction. Crete showed a higher prevalence of wohlfahrtiosis (< or = 15%) and less genetic diversity of W. magnifica, which is consistent with a recent introduction. The western and eastern Mediterranean lineages may have been isolated in different Pleistocene ice-age refugia, from which there has been limited post-glacial dispersal.
沃尔夫氏创伤蝇蛆病蝇，即丽蝇科的沃尔夫氏丽蝇（Schiner）（双翅目：麻蝇科），是古北区南部创伤性蝇蛆病的最重要病因。幼虫阶段为专性寄生虫，感染所致伤口与新旧大陆螺旋锥蝇造成的伤口极为相似。在过去十年间，沃尔夫氏丽蝇的分布范围似乎已扩展至摩洛哥北部和中部部分地区以及希腊的克里特岛。在摩洛哥和克里特岛采集到的沃尔夫氏丽蝇标本，既有幼虫（保存在80%乙醇中），也有成虫（干制针插）。对照标本采集于西班牙、匈牙利和希腊大陆。通过聚合酶链反应从132只沃尔夫氏丽蝇的幼虫或成虫中扩增出包含线粒体细胞色素b基因3'端715个碱基对的DNA片段，对扩增产物进行直接测序并进行系统地理学分析。检测到12种细胞色素b单倍型。来自摩洛哥的所有单倍型都属于一个谱系，该谱系包括来自伊比利亚半岛的标本，并且证明摩洛哥中部和北部种群的混合有限。细胞色素b单倍型分析结合幼虫大小分析提供了明确证据，表明在所有地理区域宿主都存在多次感染，四分之一的伤口中含有来自两只至至少四只雌蝇的幼虫。来自克里特岛的标本中超过80%含有在希腊大陆和匈牙利占主导地位的单倍型。我们的调查表明，沃尔夫氏蝇蛆病在摩洛哥北部和中部比政府兽医先前记录的更为普遍。然而，沃尔夫氏蝇蛆病的患病率较低（<1%）。摩洛哥种群的高遗传多样性与长期地方性流行一致，而非近期引入。克里特岛显示出较高的沃尔夫氏蝇蛆病患病率（≤15%）以及较低的沃尔夫氏丽蝇遗传多样性，这与近期引入一致。地中海西部和东部谱系可能在不同的更新世冰期避难所中隔离，自冰川期后扩散有限。
