Dawkins Lynne, Powell Jane H, Pickering Alan, Powell John, West Robert
University of East London, Stratford Campus, Stratford, London, UK.
Addiction. 2009 May;104(5):850-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02522.x. Epub 2009 Mar 13.
We have demonstrated previously that acute smoking abstinence is associated with lowered reward motivation and impaired response inhibition. This prospective study explores whether these impairments, along with withdrawal-related symptoms, recover over 3 months of sustained abstinence.
Participants completed a 12-hour abstinent baseline assessment and were then allocated randomly to quit unaided or continue smoking. All were re-tested after 7 days, 1 month and 3 months. Successful quitters' scores were compared with those of continuing smokers, who were tested after ad libitum smoking.
Goldsmiths, University of London.
A total of 33 smokers who maintained abstinence to 3 months, and 31 continuing smokers.
Indices demonstrated previously in this cohort of smokers to be sensitive to the effect of nicotine versus acute abstinence: reward motivation [Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale (SHAPS), Card Arranging Reward Responsivity Objective Test (CARROT), Stroop], tasks of response inhibition [anti-saccade task; Continuous Performance Task (CPT)], clinical indices of mood [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)], withdrawal symptoms [Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS)] and desire to smoke.
SHAPS anhedonia and reward responsivity (CARROT) showed significant improvement and plateaued after a month of abstinence, not differing from the scores of continuing smokers tested in a satiated state. Mood, other withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke all declined from acute abstinence to 1 month of cessation and were equivalent to, or lower than, the levels reported by continuing, satiated smokers. Neither group showed a change in CPT errors over time while continuing smokers, but not abstainers, showed improved accuracy on the anti-saccade task at 3 months.
Appetitive processes and related affective states appear to improve in smokers who remain nicotine-free for 3 months, whereas response inhibition does not. Although in need of replication, the results suggest tentatively that poor inhibitory control may constitute a long-term risk factor for relapse and could be a target for intervention.
我们之前已经证明，急性戒烟与奖励动机降低和反应抑制受损有关。这项前瞻性研究探讨了这些损害以及与戒断相关的症状在持续戒烟3个月后是否会恢复。
参与者完成了12小时的戒断基线评估，然后被随机分配到自行戒烟组或继续吸烟组。所有参与者在7天、1个月和3个月后重新接受测试。将成功戒烟者的得分与继续吸烟者的得分进行比较，继续吸烟者在随意吸烟后接受测试。
伦敦大学金史密斯学院。
共有33名持续戒烟3个月的吸烟者和31名继续吸烟者。
之前在该吸烟者队列中已证明对尼古丁与急性戒断效应敏感的指标：奖励动机[斯奈斯-汉密尔顿愉悦量表（SHAPS）、卡片排列奖励反应性客观测试（CARROT）、斯特鲁普测试]、反应抑制任务[反扫视任务；连续性能任务（CPT）]、情绪临床指标[医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADS）]、戒断症状[情绪和身体症状量表（MPSS）]以及吸烟欲望。
SHAPS快感缺失和奖励反应性（CARROT）在戒烟1个月后显示出显著改善并趋于平稳，与在饱腹状态下测试的继续吸烟者的得分没有差异。情绪、其他戒断症状和吸烟欲望从急性戒断到戒烟1个月均有所下降，且与继续吸烟的饱腹者报告的水平相当或更低。两组在CPT错误方面均未随时间变化，而继续吸烟者在3个月时反扫视任务的准确性提高，戒烟者则未出现这种情况。
对于持续3个月不摄入尼古丁的吸烟者，其食欲相关过程和相关情感状态似乎有所改善，而反应抑制则没有。尽管需要重复验证，但结果初步表明，抑制控制能力差可能是复发的长期风险因素，并且可能成为干预的目标。
