Stupple Edward J N, Waterhouse Eleanor F
Centre for Psychological Research, University of Derby, Derby, UK.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2009 Aug;62(8):1533-41. doi: 10.1080/17470210902785674. Epub 2009 Apr 15.
An experiment utilizing response time measures was conducted to test dominant processing strategies in syllogistic reasoning with the expanded quantifier set proposed by Roberts (2005). Through adding negations to existing quantifiers it is possible to change problem surface features without altering logical validity. Biases based on surface features such as atmosphere, matching, and the probability heuristics model (PHM; Chater & Oaksford, 1999; Wetherick & Gilhooly, 1995) would not be expected to show variance in response latencies, but participant responses should be highly sensitive to changes in the surface features of the quantifiers. In contrast, according to analytic accounts such as mental models theory and mental logic (e.g., Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; Rips, 1994) participants should exhibit increased response times for negated premises, but not be overly impacted upon by the surface features of the conclusion. Data indicated that the dominant response strategy was based on a matching heuristic, but also provided evidence of a resource-demanding analytic procedure for dealing with double negatives. The authors propose that dual-process theories offer a stronger account of these data whereby participants employ competing heuristic and analytic strategies and fall back on a heuristic response when analytic processing fails.
利用反应时间测量进行了一项实验，以测试罗伯茨（2005年）提出的扩展量词集在三段论推理中的主导加工策略。通过在现有量词中添加否定词，可以在不改变逻辑有效性的情况下改变问题的表面特征。基于诸如气氛、匹配以及概率启发式模型（PHM；蔡特和奥克斯福德，1999年；韦瑟里克和吉尔胡利，1995年）等表面特征的偏差预计不会在反应潜伏期上表现出差异，但参与者的反应应该对量词表面特征的变化高度敏感。相比之下，根据诸如心理模型理论和心理逻辑等分析性解释（例如，约翰逊-莱尔德和拜恩，1991年；里普斯，1994年），参与者对否定前提的反应时间应该会增加，但不会受到结论表面特征的过度影响。数据表明，主导反应策略基于匹配启发式，但也提供了处理双重否定的资源需求分析程序的证据。作者提出，双过程理论能更好地解释这些数据，即参与者采用相互竞争的启发式和分析策略，并在分析处理失败时依靠启发式反应。
