Baev Konstantin V
St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
Crit Rev Neurobiol. 2007;19(2-3):119-202. doi: 10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v19.i2-3.30.
This article attempts to show why classical conceptual views of the brain that can be found in any neuroscience textbook are not capable of providing an adequate explanation of brain-initiated normal and pathological behaviors and why the classical view should therefore be replaced with a new concept of the brain. The major reason for the inadequacy of the classical model is its explanation of the relationship between structure and function in the brain. This article introduces a new brain concept based on two discoveries: the discovery of the neural network computational principle and the discovery of the generic functional organization of hierarchical neural optimal control systems. A neural optimal control system is a learning system that possesses a model of the behavior of its controlled object. A hierarchy of neural optimal control systems is functionally organized in such a way that a higher level neural optimal control system treats a lower one as its controlled object and creates a model of its behavior. The ability of the new conceptual brain model to explain brain mechanisms of normal and pathological behaviors is demonstrated through the examples of spinal reflexes and central pattern generators, the cerebellum, skeletomotor cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop, and Parkinson's disease and some other brain disorders. In this article, a new understanding of the relationship between structure and function in the brain is introduced. This article also discusses organizational and educational changes in the neurosciences that may be necessary to accelerate a broad acceptance of this new concept of the brain.
本文试图说明为何在任何神经科学教科书中都能找到的关于大脑的经典概念观点，无法充分解释大脑引发的正常和病理行为，以及为何因此应将经典观点替换为大脑的新概念。经典模型不足的主要原因在于其对大脑结构与功能关系的解释。本文基于两项发现引入了一个新的大脑概念：神经网络计算原理的发现以及分层神经最优控制系统的一般功能组织的发现。神经最优控制系统是一个拥有其受控对象行为模型的学习系统。分层神经最优控制系统在功能上的组织方式是，较高层次的神经最优控制系统将较低层次的系统视为其受控对象，并创建其行为模型。通过脊髓反射和中枢模式发生器、小脑、骨骼运动皮质 - 基底神经节 - 丘脑皮质环路以及帕金森病和其他一些脑部疾病的例子，展示了新的概念性大脑模型解释正常和病理行为脑机制的能力。本文引入了对大脑结构与功能关系的新理解。本文还讨论了神经科学领域可能需要的组织和教育变革，以加速这一新的大脑概念被广泛接受。
