Prospects for pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in cardiac cell therapy and as disease models.

The derivation of embryonic stem cells (hESC) from human embryos a decade ago started a new era in perspectives for cell therapy as well as understanding human development and disease. More recently, reprogramming of somatic cells to an embryonic stem cell-like state (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS) presented a new milestone in this area, making it possible to derive all cells types from any patients bearing specific genetic mutations. With the development of efficient differentiation protocols we are now able to use the derivatives of pluripotent stem cells to study mechanisms of disease and as human models for drug and toxicology testing. In addition derivatives of pluripotent stem cells are now close to be used in clinical practice although for the heart, specific additional challenges have been identified that preclude short-term application in cell therapy. Here we review techniques presently used to induce differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes and the potential these cells have as disease models and for therapy.