Gao Suduan, Qin Ruijun, Hanson Bradley D, Tharayil Nishanth, Trout Thomas J, Wang Dong, Gerik James
United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Water Management Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California 93648, USA.
J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jun 24;57(12):5428-34. doi: 10.1021/jf900245f.
Minimizing fumigant emissions is required for meeting air-quality standards. Application of organic materials to surface soil has been effective in reducing fumigant emissions during laboratory tests, but the potential to reduce emissions in the field has not been adequately evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of incorporated composted manure with or without water applications on fumigant emissions and the potential impact on pest control efficacy under field conditions. Treatments included a bare-soil control, composted dairy manure at 12.4 and 24.7 Mg ha(-1), postfumigation intermittent water seals (11 mm water irrigated immediately following fumigation and 4 mm at 12, 24, and 48 h), and incorporation of manure at 12.4 Mg ha(-1) combined with the water seals or a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tarp. Telone C35 was shank-applied at 553 kg ha(-1), and emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) were monitored for 10 days. The results indicate that there was no significant difference in emission peak flux and cumulative emission loss between the control and the 12.4 Mg ha(-1) manure treatment. The higher manure rate (24.7 Mg ha(-1)) resulted in lower emission flux and cumulative emission loss than 12.4 Mg ha(-1), although the differences were only significant for CP. In contrast, the water treatments with or without manure incorporation significantly reduced peak emission rates (80% reduction) and cumulative emission loss ( approximately 50% reduction). The manure + HDPE treatment resulted in the lowest CP emissions but slightly higher 1,3-D emissions than the water treatments. Reductions in peak emission from water treatments can be important in reducing the potential acute exposure risks to workers and bystanders. This research demonstrated that incorporation of composted manure alone did not reduce fumigant emissions and effective emission reduction with manure amendment may require higher application rates and/or more effective materials than those used in this study.
为达到空气质量标准，需尽量减少熏蒸剂排放。在实验室测试中，将有机材料施用于表层土壤可有效减少熏蒸剂排放，但在田间减少排放的潜力尚未得到充分评估。本研究的目的是确定在田间条件下，添加或不添加水的堆肥牛粪对熏蒸剂排放的影响以及对害虫防治效果的潜在影响。处理措施包括裸土对照、施用量为12.4和24.7 Mg ha(-1)的堆肥牛粪、熏蒸后间歇水封（熏蒸后立即灌溉11毫米水，在12、24和48小时分别灌溉4毫米水），以及施用量为12.4 Mg ha(-1)的牛粪与水封或高密度聚乙烯（HDPE） tarp相结合。以553 kg ha(-1)的用量通过条施方式施用Telone C35，并对1,3 - 二氯丙烯（1,3 - D）和氯化苦（CP）的排放进行了10天监测。结果表明，对照和12.4 Mg ha(-1)牛粪处理之间的排放峰值通量和累积排放损失没有显著差异。较高的牛粪施用量（24.7 Mg ha(-1)）导致的排放通量和累积排放损失低于12.4 Mg ha(-1)，尽管差异仅在CP方面显著。相比之下，添加或不添加牛粪的水处理显著降低了峰值排放速率（降低80%）和累积排放损失（降低约50%）。牛粪 + HDPE处理导致CP排放最低，但1,3 - D排放略高于水处理。水处理导致的峰值排放降低对于降低工人和旁观者潜在的急性暴露风险可能很重要。本研究表明，单独添加堆肥牛粪并不能减少熏蒸剂排放，通过牛粪改良实现有效减排可能需要比本研究中使用的更高施用量和/或更有效的材料。
