Chronic treatment with fluphenazine alters parameters of oxidative stress in liver and kidney of rats.

The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of chronic exposure to fluphenazine in liver and kidney of rats, as well as the possible protective effect of diphenyl diselenide on the fluphenazine-induced damage. Long-term treatment with fluphenazine caused an increase in lipid peroxidation levels in liver and kidney homogenates. Diphenyl diselenide treatment did not affect delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activity, but fluphenazine alone or in combination with diphenyl diselenide showed an inhibitory effect on delta-ALA-D activity in liver. Diphenyl diselenide plus fluphenazine treatment increased the reactivation index of hepatic delta-ALA-D by approximately 80%. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased in liver of rats treated with fluphenazine alone. The combined treatment with fluphenazine and diphenyl diselenide was able to ameliorate superoxide dismutase activity in liver of rats. Catalase activity was augmented in liver from rats treated with fluphenazine, and this increase was prevented when diphenyl diselenide was co-administered. Taken together, these results indicate that the association of diphenyl diselenide with fluphenazine could protect the liver from lipid peroxidation and ameliorate superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Moreover, our data point to the relationship between the oxidative stress and fluphenazine treatment in liver and kidney of rats.