Oehlmann Jörg, Schulte-Oehlmann Ulrike, Kloas Werner, Jagnytsch Oana, Lutz Ilka, Kusk Kresten O, Wollenberger Leah, Santos Eduarda M, Paull Gregory C, Van Look Katrien J W, Tyler Charles R
Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 27;364(1526):2047-62. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0242.
This review provides a critical analysis of the biological effects of the most widely used plasticizers, including dibutyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate and bisphenol A (BPA), on wildlife, with a focus on annelids (both aquatic and terrestrial), molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish and amphibians. Moreover, the paper provides novel data on the biological effects of some of these plasticizers in invertebrates, fish and amphibians. Phthalates and BPA have been shown to affect reproduction in all studied animal groups, to impair development in crustaceans and amphibians and to induce genetic aberrations. Molluscs, crustaceans and amphibians appear to be especially sensitive to these compounds, and biological effects are observed at environmentally relevant exposures in the low ng l(-1) to microg l(-1) range. In contrast, most effects in fish (except for disturbance in spermatogenesis) occur at higher concentrations. Most plasticizers appear to act by interfering with the functioning of various hormone systems, but some phthalates have wider pathways of disruption. Effect concentrations of plasticizers in laboratory experiments coincide with measured environmental concentrations, and thus there is a very real potential for effects of these chemicals on some wildlife populations. The most striking gaps in our current knowledge on the impacts of plasticizers on wildlife are the lack of data for long-term exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations and their ecotoxicity when part of complex mixtures. Furthermore, the hazard of plasticizers has been investigated in annelids, molluscs and arthropods only, and given the sensitivity of some invertebrates, effects assessments are warranted in other invertebrate phyla.
本综述对最广泛使用的增塑剂（包括邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯和双酚A（BPA））对野生动物的生物学效应进行了批判性分析，重点关注环节动物（包括水生和陆生）、软体动物、甲壳类动物、昆虫、鱼类和两栖动物。此外，本文还提供了其中一些增塑剂对无脊椎动物、鱼类和两栖动物生物学效应的新数据。已表明邻苯二甲酸盐和双酚A会影响所有研究动物群体的繁殖，损害甲壳类动物和两栖动物的发育，并诱导遗传畸变。软体动物、甲壳类动物和两栖动物似乎对这些化合物特别敏感，在环境相关暴露浓度低至纳克/升（ng l(-1)）至微克/升（μg l(-1)）范围内即可观察到生物学效应。相比之下，鱼类中的大多数效应（除精子发生紊乱外）发生在较高浓度下。大多数增塑剂似乎通过干扰各种激素系统的功能起作用，但一些邻苯二甲酸盐具有更广泛的破坏途径。实验室实验中增塑剂的效应浓度与实测环境浓度一致，因此这些化学物质对一些野生动物种群产生影响的可能性非常大。我们目前对增塑剂对野生动物影响的认识中最显著的差距在于，缺乏长期暴露于环境相关浓度及其作为复杂混合物一部分时的生态毒性数据。此外，仅在环节动物、软体动物和节肢动物中研究了增塑剂的危害，鉴于一些无脊椎动物的敏感性，有必要对其他无脊椎动物门进行效应评估。
