Technology Associates, 1011 High Ridge Rd., Stamford, CT 06905, United States.
Accid Anal Prev. 2009 Jul;41(4):839-48. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.017. Epub 2009 May 12.
This paper describes research and parametric analyses of braking effectiveness and directional stability for golf cars, personal transport vehicles (PTVs) and low speed vehicles (LSVs). It is shown that current designs, which employ brakes on only the rear wheels, can lead to rollovers if the brakes are applied while traveling downhill. After summarizing the current state of existing safety standards and brake system designs, both of which appear deficient from a safety perspective, a previously developed dynamic simulation model is used to identify which parameters have the greatest influence on the vehicles' yaw stability. The simulation results are then used to parametrically quantify which combination of these factors can lead to yaw induced rollover during hard braking. Vehicle velocity, steering input, path slope and tire friction are all identified as important parameters in determining braking stability, the effects of which on rollover propensity are presented graphically. The results further show that when vehicles are equipped with front brakes or four-wheel brakes, the probability of a yaw induced rollover is almost entirely eliminated. Furthermore, the parametric charts provided may be used as an aid in developing guidelines for golf car and PTV path design if rear brake vehicles are used.
本文描述了高尔夫球车、个人运输车辆（PTV）和低速车辆（LSV）的制动效果和方向稳定性的研究和参数分析。研究表明，如果在下坡行驶时使用制动器，当前仅在后轮上安装制动器的设计可能导致翻车。在总结了当前存在的安全标准和制动系统设计的现状之后，这两者从安全角度来看似乎都存在缺陷，然后使用之前开发的动态模拟模型来确定哪些参数对车辆的转向稳定性影响最大。然后使用仿真结果对这些因素的组合进行参数化，以确定在急刹车时哪些因素会导致转向引起的翻车。车辆速度、转向输入、路径坡度和轮胎摩擦均被确定为确定制动稳定性的重要参数，并用图形表示了这些参数对翻车倾向的影响。结果还表明，当车辆配备了前制动器或四轮制动器时，几乎完全消除了转向引起的翻车的可能性。此外，如果使用后轮制动器，提供的参数图表可作为开发高尔夫球车和 PTV 路径设计指南的辅助工具。
