Dal Zotto R, Penasa M, De Marchi M, Cassandro M, López-Villalobos N, Bittante G
Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
J Anim Sci. 2009 Sep;87(9):3053-9. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1620. Epub 2009 Jun 19.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different breeds and breed crosses on age (AC, d), BW (kg), price (PR, $/kg), and market value (MV, $/calf) of purebred and crossbred calves sold for veal and beef production. The Kovieh wholesale cattle organization (Bolzano, Italy) grouped calves from several dairy herds located in the Trentino-Südtirol region in Italy and sold them by public auctions. Data on AC, BW, PR, and MV from 96,458 calves were recorded from January 2003 to December 2007 and consisted of 4 pure breeds [2 dairy, Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein-Friesian (HF); and 2 dual-purpose, Simmental (SI) and Alpine Grey (AG)], and 8 crossbreds by crosses of Limousin (LI) and Belgian Blue (BB) with the 4 dam breeds. Least squares means for AC, BW, PR, and MV were calculated for breeds and breed crosses with a model that included fixed effects of herd of birth, age (except for AC), sex, and breed of the calf, year and season of auction, and interactions between the main effects. The coefficients of determination of the models were 0.41, 0.51, 0.84, and 0.82 for AC, BW, PR, and MV, respectively. Sex, age, and breed were the most relevant sources of variation for BW (P < 0.001), whereas breed and sex were the most important sources of variation for AC, PR, and MV (P < 0.001). Also, PR and MV were significantly influenced (P < 0.01) by all the effects included in the model, except for season x age interaction in the case of MV. Market value of male was greater (P < 0.001) than that of female calves, with the exception of BS (-$28.76/calf) and HF (-$20.70/calf) purebred males. Dual-purpose purebred calves presented greater (P < 0.001) PR and MV than dairy purebreds (MV of $426.97/calf and $307.96/calf for SI and AG, and $256.24/calf and $275.65/calf for BS and HF, respectively). Calves from SI and AG dams had greater (P < 0.001) BW, PR, and MV than calves from BS and HF dams. Calves from SI cows had greater (P < 0.001) BW, PR, and MV than calves from AG cows. Crossbreeding with beef bulls increased (P < 0.001) BW, PR, and MV of calves from dairy and dual-purpose dams. Crossbreeding with BB bulls increased PR (+$2.58 +/- 0.04/kg; P < 0.001) and MV (+$190.84 +/- 3.62/calf; P < 0.001) of calves much more than LI. The use of beef bull semen on dairy herds resulted in an economic revenue from selling crossbred calves.
本研究旨在调查不同品种及其杂交组合对用于小牛肉和牛肉生产的纯种及杂交犊牛的年龄（AC，日龄）、体重（BW，千克）、价格（PR，美元/千克）和市场价值（MV，美元/头犊牛）的影响。科维赫批发牲畜组织（意大利博尔扎诺）将来自意大利特伦蒂诺 - 南蒂罗尔地区多个奶牛场的犊牛集中起来，并通过公开拍卖出售。记录了2003年1月至2007年期间96,458头犊牛的AC、BW、PR和MV数据，这些犊牛包括4个纯种 [2个奶牛品种，瑞士褐牛（BS）和荷斯坦 - 弗里生牛（HF）；以及2个兼用品种，西门塔尔牛（SI）和阿尔卑斯灰牛（AG）]，以及利木赞牛（LI）和比利时蓝牛（BB）与4个母本品种杂交产生的8个杂交组合。使用包含出生牛群、年龄（AC除外）、性别、犊牛品种、拍卖年份和季节以及主要效应之间相互作用的固定效应模型，计算各品种及其杂交组合的AC、BW、PR和MV的最小二乘均值。模型对AC、BW、PR和MV的决定系数分别为0.41、0.51、0.84和0.82。性别、年龄和品种是BW变异的最主要来源（P < 0.001），而品种和性别是AC、PR和MV变异的最重要来源（P < 0.001）。此外，PR和MV受到模型中所有效应的显著影响（P < 0.01），MV的情况除外，即季节×年龄的交互作用不显著。雄性犊牛的市场价值高于雌性犊牛（P < 0.001），瑞士褐牛（-28.76美元/头犊牛）和荷斯坦 - 弗里生牛（-20.70美元/头犊牛）纯种雄性犊牛除外。兼用型纯种犊牛的PR和MV高于奶牛型纯种犊牛（西门塔尔牛和阿尔卑斯灰牛的MV分别为426.97美元/头犊牛和307.96美元/头犊牛，瑞士褐牛和荷斯坦 - 弗里生牛分别为256.24美元/头犊牛和275.65美元/头犊牛）。来自西门塔尔牛和阿尔卑斯灰牛母本的犊牛的BW、PR和MV高于来自瑞士褐牛和荷斯坦 - 弗里生牛母本的犊牛。与肉牛公牛杂交可提高来自奶牛和兼用型母本的犊牛的BW、PR和MV（P < 0.001）。与比利时蓝牛公牛杂交比与利木赞牛杂交更能提高犊牛的PR（+2.58 ± 0.04美元/千克；P < 0.001）和MV（+190.84 ± 3.62美元/头犊牛；P < 0.001）。在奶牛场使用肉牛精液可通过出售杂交犊牛获得经济收益。
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