Kanwar Jagat R, Kanwar Rupinder K, Burrow Hannah, Baratchi Sara
Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences (BioDeakin), Institute for Technology & Research Innovation, Geelong Technology Precinct (GTP), Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia.
Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(19):2373-94. doi: 10.2174/092986709788682155.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-life molecule produced by the enzyme known as the nitric oxide synthase (NOS), in a reaction that converts arginine and oxygen into citrulline and NO. There are three isoforms of the enzyme: neuronal NOS (nNOS, also called NOS1), inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS2), and endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3). It is now known that each of these isoforms may be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types. This paper is a review of the current knowledge of various functions of NO in diseases. We discuss in more detail its role in Cancer, the role of NO in myocardial pathophysiology, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. Other diseases such as inflammation, asthma, in chronic liver diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), arthritis, are also discussed. This review also covers the role of NO in cardiovascular, central nervous, pancreas, lung, gut, kidney, myoskeletal and chronic liver diseases (CLD). The ubiquitous role that the simple gas nitric oxide plays in the body, from maintaining vascular homeostasis and fighting infections to acting as a neurotransmitter and its role in cancer, has spurred a lot of interest among researchers all over the world. Nitric oxide plays an important role in the physiologic modulation of coronary artery tone and myocardial function. Nitric oxide from iNOS appears to be a key mediator of such glial-induced neuronal death. The high sensitivity of neurons to NO is partly due to NO causing inhibition of respiration, rapid glutamate release from both astrocytes and neurons, and subsequent excitotoxic death of the neurons.
一氧化氮（NO）是一种由名为一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的酶产生的短寿命分子，在将精氨酸和氧气转化为瓜氨酸和NO的反应中产生。该酶有三种同工型：神经元型NOS（nNOS，也称为NOS1）、诱导型NOS（iNOS或NOS2）和内皮型NOS（eNOS或NOS3）。现在已知这些同工型中的每一种都可能在多种组织和细胞类型中表达。本文是对NO在疾病中的各种功能的当前知识的综述。我们更详细地讨论了它在癌症中的作用、NO在心肌病理生理学中的作用、在中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病中的作用。还讨论了其他疾病，如炎症、哮喘、慢性肝病、炎症性肠病（IBD）、关节炎。本综述还涵盖了NO在心血管、中枢神经、胰腺、肺、肠道、肾脏、肌肉骨骼和慢性肝病（CLD）中的作用。简单气体一氧化氮在体内所起的广泛作用，从维持血管稳态、对抗感染到充当神经递质及其在癌症中的作用，激发了全世界研究人员的浓厚兴趣。一氧化氮在冠状动脉张力和心肌功能的生理调节中起重要作用。来自iNOS的一氧化氮似乎是这种胶质细胞诱导的神经元死亡的关键介质。神经元对NO的高敏感性部分是由于NO导致呼吸抑制、星形胶质细胞和神经元快速释放谷氨酸，以及随后神经元的兴奋性毒性死亡。
