Citi Luca, Tonet Oliver, Marinelli Martina
School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, CO4 3SQ Colchester, UK.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;86:199-212. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7742(09)86015-7.
A brain-machine interface (BMI) is a particular class of human-machine interface (HMI). BMIs have so far been studied mostly as a communication means for people who have little or no voluntary control of muscle activity. For able-bodied users, such as astronauts, a BMI would only be practical if conceived as an augmenting interface. A method is presented for pointing out effective combinations of HMIs and applications of robotics and automation to space. Latency and throughput are selected as performance measures for a hybrid bionic system (HBS), that is, the combination of a user, a device, and a HMI. We classify and briefly describe HMIs and space applications and then compare the performance of classes of interfaces with the requirements of classes of applications, both in terms of latency and throughput. Regions of overlap correspond to effective combinations. Devices requiring simpler control, such as a rover, a robotic camera, or environmental controls are suitable to be driven by means of BMI technology. Free flyers and other devices with six degrees of freedom can be controlled, but only at low-interactivity levels. More demanding applications require conventional interfaces, although they could be controlled by BMIs once the same levels of performance as currently recorded in animal experiments are attained. Robotic arms and manipulators could be the next frontier for noninvasive BMIs. Integrating smart controllers in HBSs could improve interactivity and boost the use of BMI technology in space applications.
脑机接口（BMI）是人机接口（HMI）的一种特殊类型。到目前为止，BMI主要被研究作为那些对肌肉活动几乎没有或完全没有自主控制能力的人的一种通信手段。对于身体健全的用户，如宇航员，BMI只有被设想为一种增强型接口才具有实用性。本文提出了一种方法，用于指出HMI与机器人技术及自动化在太空应用中的有效组合。延迟和吞吐量被选为混合仿生系统（HBS）的性能指标，HBS即用户、设备和HMI的组合。我们对HMI和太空应用进行分类并简要描述，然后从延迟和吞吐量两方面比较接口类别与应用类别的性能要求。重叠区域对应有效组合。需要更简单控制的设备，如漫游车、机器人相机或环境控制设备，适合通过BMI技术驱动。自由飞行器和其他具有六个自由度的设备可以被控制，但只能在低交互水平下。要求更高的应用需要传统接口，不过一旦达到与目前动物实验记录相同的性能水平，它们也可以由BMI控制。机械臂和操纵器可能是非侵入性BMI的下一个前沿领域。在HBS中集成智能控制器可以提高交互性，并促进BMI技术在太空应用中的使用。
