Antioxidant interventions as novel preventive strategies for postoperative atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered following cardiac surgery. Although anti-arrhythmic drugs such as beta-blockers and amiodarone are recommended and used in clinical practice, the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is still very high. Recent evidence suggests oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of POAF. Increased reactive oxygen species and activated atrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases after cardiac surgery are key targets for the prevention of POAF. In addition to statins, Vitamin C and E, N-acetylcysteine and carvedilol, some other anti-oxidant interventions such as thiazolidinediones, nitric oxide donor or precursor, probucol, levosimendan and NADPH oxidase inhibitors have emerged as novel strategies in the prevention of POAF.