Grossman Gayanne, Waninger Kevin N, Voloshin Arkady, Reinus William R, Ross Rachael, Stoltzfus Jill, Bibalo Kathleen
Department of Theatre and Dance, Muhlenberg College, 2400 Chew Street, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18014, USA.
J Dance Med Sci. 2008;12(4):142-52.
There is no consensus on a valid and reliable method of measuring turnout. However, there is a building awareness that such measures need to exist. Total turnout is the sum of hip rotation, tibial torsion, and contributions from the foot. To our knowledge, there has been no research that directly measures and then sums each individual component of turnout to verify a total turnout value. Furthermore, the tibial torsion component has not previously been confirmed by an imaging study. The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of a single total passive turnout (TPT) test taken with a goniometer by comparing it with the sum of the individual components. Fourteen female dancers were recruited as participants. Measurements of the subjects' right and left legs were gathered for the components of turnout. Tibial torsion was measured using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Retro-reflective marker assisted measurements were used to calculate the static components of TPT. Hip external rotation, TPT, and total active turnout (TAT) were measured by goniometer. Additional standing turnout values were collected on rotational disks. Tibial torsion and hip rotation were summed and compared with three whole-leg turnout values using Two-Tailed T-Tests and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Tibial torsion measurements in dancers were found to demonstrate substantial variation between subjects and between legs in the same subject. The range on the right leg was 16 degrees to 60 degrees, and the range on the left leg was 16 degrees to 52 degrees. Retro-reflective markers and biomechanical theory demonstrated that when the knee is extended and locked, "screwed home," it will not factor into a whole-leg turnout value. TAT and turnout on the disks were not statistically significant when compared with the summed total. Statistical significance was achieved in four of the eight measurement series comparing TPT with the summed value of tibial torsion and hip rotation. The advantages of a standard, valid, and reliable method of measuring turnout are many, and the risks are few. Some advantages include improved training techniques, mastery of the use of turnout at an earlier age, better dancer and teacher compliance with suggested turnout rates, understanding the use of parallel position, understanding the etiology of many dance-related injuries, and possible development of preventative measures.
对于一种有效且可靠的测量外开程度的方法，目前尚无共识。然而，人们逐渐意识到需要存在这样的测量方法。总外开程度是髋关节旋转、胫骨扭转以及足部贡献的总和。据我们所知，此前尚无研究直接测量并累加外开程度的各个单独组成部分以验证总外开程度值。此外，胫骨扭转部分此前尚未通过影像学研究得到证实。本研究的目的是通过将使用角度计进行的单次总被动外开（TPT）测试与各个组成部分的总和进行比较，来测试其有效性和可靠性。招募了14名女性舞者作为参与者。收集了受试者左右腿外开程度各组成部分的测量数据。使用磁共振成像（MRI）测量胫骨扭转。使用反光标记辅助测量来计算TPT的静态组成部分。通过角度计测量髋关节外旋、TPT和总主动外开（TAT）。在旋转盘上收集额外的站立外开程度值。使用双尾T检验和皮尔逊积矩相关系数将胫骨扭转和髋关节旋转相加，并与三个全腿外开程度值进行比较。发现舞者的胫骨扭转测量结果在不同受试者之间以及同一受试者的双腿之间存在很大差异。右腿的范围是16度至60度，左腿的范围是16度至52度。反光标记和生物力学理论表明，当膝盖伸直并锁定，即“旋紧归位”时，它不会计入全腿外开程度值。与相加总和相比，TAT和盘上的外开程度在统计学上不显著。在将TPT与胫骨扭转和髋关节旋转的相加值进行比较的八个测量系列中的四个中达到了统计学显著性。一种标准、有效且可靠的测量外开程度的方法优点众多，风险极小。一些优点包括改进训练技术、在更早年龄掌握外开程度的运用、舞者和教师更好地遵守建议的外开程度比率、理解平行位置的运用、理解许多与舞蹈相关损伤的病因以及可能制定预防措施。
