Tullis J L
N Engl J Med. 1977 Sep 1;297(9):472-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197709012970904.
Physicians were the first individuals recorded by name in history. Their attempts to define disease influenced fundamentally the cultures and religions of the world. Surgical skills, although highly developed in ancient times, appear to have been less well documented historically than medical disorders. Because of the greater threat to survival that diseases posed, they became incorporated into religious customs. Contagious diseases also influenced greatly the laws, traditions and historical events of the Bible. Leprosy provided a physical example that presumably represented an image of sin, but it probably was no more prevalent as a disease during Biblical times than at present. Many of the Biblical stories assumed to be allegorical may have been founded on medical fact. For example, it appears likely that the quails that poisoned the wandering Jews were contaminated with cyanide.
医生是历史上首批被记录下名字的人。他们对疾病的定义尝试从根本上影响了世界的文化和宗教。外科技术虽然在古代就已高度发达,但从历史记载来看,其文献记录似乎不如医学病症完善。由于疾病对生存构成了更大威胁,它们被纳入了宗教习俗。传染病也极大地影响了《圣经》中的法律、传统和历史事件。麻风病提供了一个身体例证,大概代表了罪恶的形象,但在《圣经》时代,它作为一种疾病可能并不比现在更普遍。许多被认为是寓言的《圣经》故事可能都有医学事实依据。例如,毒死流浪犹太人的鹌鹑似乎很可能被氰化物污染了。