Signal transduction of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.

The CB(1) cannabinoid receptor (CB(1)R) is the major cannabinoid receptor in neuronal cells and the brain, but it also occurs in endocrine cells and other peripheral tissues. CB(1)R is a member of the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are characterized by seven transmembrane helices. The major mediators of CB(1)R are the G proteins of the G(i/o) family, which inhibit adenylyl cyclases in most tissues and cells, and regulate ion channels, including calcium and potassium ion channels. Regulation of ion channels is an important component of neurotransmission modulation by endogenous cannabinoid compounds released in response to depolarization and Ca(2+)-mobilizing hormones. However, evidence exists that CB(1)Rs can also stimulate adenylyl cyclase via G(s), induce receptor-mediated Ca(2+) fluxes and stimulate phospholipases in some experimental models. Stimulation of CB(1)R also leads to phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which can regulate nuclear transcription factors. Activated and phosphorylated CB(1)Rs also associate with beta-arrestin molecules, which can induce the formation of signalling complexes and participate in the regulation of GPCR signalling. Recent data also suggest that CB(1)Rs can form homo- and heterodimers/oligomers, and the altered pharmacological properties of these receptor complexes may explain the pharmacological differences observed in various tissues.