Steier Shmuel Tommy
Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Maccabi Health Insurance, Ramat Gan.
Harefuah. 2009 Apr;148(4):219-23, 278.
During the first year after Israel's declaration of independence, 350,000 Holocaust survivors immigrated to Israel, about 1/3 of the country's population at that time. Their poor public image ("soap", "avac adam"--shadow of a man) and the Zionist--pioneer attitude of rejecting the "diasporal mentality", led to arrogance and disrespect towards the survivors. The attitude of therapists towards the victims has been influenced by the public atmosphere and their problems did not receive the attention they deserved. This fact caused an additional trauma--"secondary victimization", which, in turn, was one of the causes for the "conspiracy of silence". This silence lasted for many years and caused HoLocaust survivors to become more vulnerable at an older age. A review of the complex psychological condition of Holocaust survivors in the community is characterized by a combination of toughness and vulnerability and other aspects such as: the frequency of PTSD among Holocaust survivors and its characteristics as well as therapists' difficulties in coping with the post-traumatic state. The sequence of traumatic events in their Lives caused a feeling of vulnerability in some survivors. Furthermore, insult and fear of exposure, that throughout the years prevented them from demanding their rights, was contrary to the normative behaviour in Israeli society. The interest and the number of studies concerning the Holocaust and Holocaust survivors increases as the number of survivors decreases and as we move further in time from the horrors of that war.
To implement a policy of positive discrimination (affirmative action) for survivors in the Israeli health system.
在以色列宣布独立后的第一年，35万大屠杀幸存者移民到以色列，约占当时该国人口的三分之一。他们糟糕的公众形象（“肥皂”“阿瓦克·亚当”——人的影子）以及犹太复国主义先驱者拒绝“散居心态”的态度，导致了对幸存者的傲慢和不尊重。治疗师对受害者的态度受到了公众氛围的影响，他们的问题没有得到应有的关注。这一事实造成了额外的创伤——“二次受害”，而这反过来又是“沉默阴谋”的原因之一。这种沉默持续了许多年，导致大屠杀幸存者在老年时变得更加脆弱。对社区中大屠杀幸存者复杂心理状况的回顾表明，他们兼具坚韧与脆弱，还有其他方面，比如：大屠杀幸存者中创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的发生率及其特征，以及治疗师应对创伤后状态的困难。他们生活中一系列创伤性事件在一些幸存者心中造成了脆弱感。此外，多年来一直阻碍他们争取自身权利的羞辱感和暴露恐惧，与以色列社会的规范行为背道而驰。随着幸存者数量的减少以及我们距离那场战争的恐怖越来越远，关于大屠杀和大屠杀幸存者的研究兴趣和数量在增加。
在以色列医疗系统中对幸存者实施积极差别待遇（平权行动）政策。
