Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
Toxicon. 2010 Feb-Mar;55(2-3):280-8. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.037. Epub 2009 Aug 4.
This paper reports on the determination of toxin profile of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected in November-December 2003 along the Emilia Romagna coasts (Italy) when a high concentration of Alexandrium ostenfeldii cells was detected in seawater. Detailed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses were performed on the crude extracts in both selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. They revealed that M. galloprovincialis had accumulated the three major spirolides produced by the alga, namely 13-desMethyl spirolide C, 13,19-didesMethyl spirolide C and 27-hydroxy-13,19-didesMethyl spirolide C, which fully accounted for toxicity of lipophilic extracts shown in mouse bioassay. Interestingly, yessotoxin (YTX) and its analogues were still present in mussel polar extracts but YTX itself was not the major toxin contained in mussels. The presence of pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (PTX-2sa) and its putative epimer was also assessed. The presence of azaspiracids, never reported from the Adriatic sea, as well as of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins (okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins and OA esters) and domoic acid, long known as contaminants of Adriatic mussels, was also investigated.
本文报道了 2003 年 11 月至 12 月在意大利艾米利亚-罗马涅海岸采集的贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）的毒素谱测定结果。当时，海水中检测到亚历山大藻（Alexandrium ostenfeldii）细胞的高浓度。在选定的离子监测（SIM）和多重反应监测（MRM）模式下，对粗提取物进行了详细的液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）分析。结果表明，贻贝积累了藻类产生的三种主要的螺旋内酯，即 13-去甲基螺旋内酯 C、13,19-二去甲基螺旋内酯 C 和 27-羟基-13,19-二去甲基螺旋内酯 C，这些毒素完全解释了在小鼠生物测定中脂溶性提取物的毒性。有趣的是，扇贝毒素（YTX）及其类似物仍存在于贻贝的极性提取物中，但 YTX 本身并不是贻贝中主要的毒素。还评估了扇贝毒素-2 次酸（PTX-2sa）及其可能的表异构体的存在。检测到从未在亚得里亚海报道过的azaspiracids 以及腹泻性贝类毒素（okadaic 酸、麻痹性贝毒和 OA 酯）和软骨藻酸的存在，这些物质长期以来一直被认为是亚得里亚海贻贝的污染物。
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