Betlejewski Stanisław, Betlejewski Andrzej
Katedra Zdrowia Publicznego Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.
Otolaryngol Pol. 2009 Mar-Apr;63(2):199-203. doi: 10.1016/S0030-6657(09)70106-4.
Joseph Tonbee's life's work may be summarized in the words of William Wilde: "The labours and investigations of Mr. Toynbee have affected more for aural pathology than those of all his predecessors either in England or on the continent". Some idea of the extent of his researches is given by the fact that he dissected some 2.000 ears. These preparations formed the Toynbee Collection in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He wrote the results of his researches in a catalogue that includes the description of 1,659 human ears. This catalogue forms the basis of modern otology for all time. This purely pathological catalogue was completed in 1860 with the publication of a more clinical book, "The Diseases of the Ear: their Nature, Diagnosis and Treatment". Toynbee appears to have been the first to describe the pathological changes in otosclerosis. In his book "Diseases of the Ear" he described the condition clearly, recognizing "anchylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis" in 136 temporal bones. He also aligned the subjective, visual and ausculatory tests for Eustacchian tubal patency which we use today. Adam Politzer wrote: "Toynbee was the first who realized in otology that therapeutic progress depends on the knowledge of anatomy". But Toynbee was also active on other fields. Politzer, in his lecture in Vienna in 1914 said: "Toynbee was as outstanding a savant as he was a philanthropist. In addition to his scientific activity, he considered it a sacred task to dedicate his spare time to the improvement of living and health conditions of the poorer classes." Tragic enough, Toynbee's zeal for clinical experimentation went too far. Seeking to help his patients by devising a treatment to allay their tinnitus, he conceived the idea of introducing a mixture of chloroform and prussic acid into the tympanic cavity by means of Valsalva maneuver. When he made the first trial on July 7, 1866, with himself as a subject, he was found dead on the couch in his consulting room.
约瑟夫·汤比一生的工作可用威廉·王尔德的话来概括：“汤比先生的劳作与研究对耳科病理学的影响，超过了英国或欧洲大陆所有前辈的影响。”他解剖了约2000只耳朵，由此可见其研究范围之广。这些标本构成了英国皇家外科医学院博物馆的汤比藏品。他将研究结果写进了一本目录，其中包含1659只人耳的描述。这本目录一直是现代耳科学的基础。这本纯病理学目录于1860年完成，同年出版了一本更具临床性质的书《耳部疾病：其性质、诊断与治疗》。汤比似乎是首个描述耳硬化症病理变化的人。在他的《耳部疾病》一书中，他清晰地描述了这种病症，在136块颞骨中发现了“镫骨与卵圆窗的关节强硬”。他还整理了我们如今仍在使用的咽鼓管通畅性的主观、视觉和听诊测试方法。亚当·波利策写道：“汤比是耳科学领域首个认识到治疗进展取决于解剖学知识的人。”但汤比在其他领域也很活跃。波利策在1914年于维也纳的讲座中说：“汤比既是杰出的学者，也是慈善家。除了科研活动，他还认为利用业余时间改善贫困阶层的生活和健康状况是一项神圣的任务。”很不幸，汤比热衷于临床实验，结果做得太过火了。为了通过设计一种治疗方法来减轻患者耳鸣，他想出了通过瓦尔萨尔瓦动作将氯仿和氢氰酸混合物引入鼓室的主意。1866年7月7日，他首次以自己为对象进行试验，结果被发现死在诊室的沙发上。
