Klapp Stuart T, Greenberg Lisa A
Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard, Hayward, CA 94542, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2009 Sep;35(5):1266-85. doi: 10.1037/a0016536.
Some types of automaticity can be attributed to simple stimulus-response associations (G. D. Logan, 1988). This can be studied with paradigms in which associations to an irrelevant stimulus automatically influence responding to a relevant stimulus. In 1 example, the irrelevant and relevant stimuli were presented successively with the 1st, irrelevant, stimulus masked. Although this stimulus was not phenomenally visible, it influenced responding to the 2nd, visible, stimulus. This influence was substantial only if associations to the 1st stimulus had been activated by recent responding (S. T. Klapp & B. W. Haas, 2005). These associations were not processed deeply; instead, they only relate specific stimuli to specific responses. Whereas these conclusions were demonstrated previously with masking so that participants were not aware of the irrelevant stimulus and thus had no basis to permit control of its influence, the present research demonstrated the same principles when all stimuli were visible. Furthermore, activation of the associations was not subject to substantial intentional control. These findings imply that association-based automaticity occurs independently of, and uninfluenced by, awareness.
某些类型的自动性可归因于简单的刺激-反应关联（G. D. 洛根，1988年）。这可以通过一些范式来研究，即与无关刺激的关联会自动影响对相关刺激的反应。在一个例子中，无关刺激和相关刺激相继呈现，第一个无关刺激被遮蔽。尽管这个刺激在现象上不可见，但它影响了对第二个可见刺激的反应。只有当与第一个刺激的关联因近期的反应而被激活时，这种影响才会显著（S. T. 克拉普和B. W. 哈斯，2005年）。这些关联没有被深入处理；相反，它们只是将特定的刺激与特定的反应联系起来。虽然这些结论之前是通过遮蔽来证明的，这样参与者就没有意识到无关刺激，因此也就没有依据来控制其影响，但本研究表明，当所有刺激都可见时，同样的原则也适用。此外，关联的激活不受实质性的有意控制。这些发现意味着基于关联的自动性独立于意识而发生，且不受意识影响。
