Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Jan;22(1):7-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01381.x. Epub 2009 Aug 14.
Knowledge of neural circuits, neurotransmitters and receptors involved in the sympathetic regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) function is well established. However, it is only recently that the interaction of sympathetic neurons, and of sympathetic transmitters, with the GI immune system and with gut flora has begun to be explored. Changes in the behaviour of sympathetic nerves when gut function is compromised, for example in ileus and in inflammation, have been observed, but the roles of the sympathetic innervation in these and other pathologies are not adequately understood. In this article, we first review the principal roles of the sympathetic innervation of the GI tract in controlling motility, fluid exchange and gut blood flow in healthy individuals. We then discuss the evidence that there are important interactions of sympathetic transmitters with the gut immune system and enteric glia, and evidence that inflammation has substantial effects on sympathetic neurons. These reciprocal interactions contribute to pathological changes in ways that are not yet clarified. Finally, we focus on inflammation, diabetes and postoperative ileus as conditions in which there is sympathetic involvement in compromised gut function.
人们对涉及胃肠道 (GI) 功能的交感神经调节的神经回路、神经递质和受体有了很好的了解。然而，直到最近，交感神经元以及交感递质与 GI 免疫系统和肠道菌群的相互作用才开始被探索。当肠道功能受损（例如肠梗阻和炎症）时，交感神经的行为发生了变化，但交感神经支配在这些和其他病理中的作用还没有得到充分的理解。在本文中，我们首先回顾了胃肠道交感神经支配在控制健康个体的蠕动、液体交换和肠道血流方面的主要作用。然后，我们讨论了有证据表明交感递质与肠道免疫系统和肠神经胶质之间存在重要的相互作用，以及炎症对交感神经元有实质性影响的证据。这些相互作用有助于以尚未阐明的方式发生病理性变化。最后，我们关注炎症、糖尿病和术后肠梗阻等情况下与肠道功能受损相关的交感神经参与。
