Cloyd Raymond A, Galle Cindy L, Keith Stephen R, Kalscheur Nanette A, Kemp Kenneth E
Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2009 Aug;102(4):1567-79. doi: 10.1603/029.102.0422.
Plant-derived essential oil products, in general, are considered minimum-risk pesticides and are exempt from Environmental Protection Agency registration under section 25(b) of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. However, many of the plant-derived essential products available to consumers (homeowners) have not been judiciously evaluated for both efficacy and plant safety. In fact, numerous plant-derived essential oil products labeled for control of arthropod pests have not been subject to rigorous evaluation, and there is minimal scientific information or supporting data associated with efficacy against arthropod pests. We conducted a series of greenhouse experiments to determine the efficacy and phytotoxicity of an array of plant-derived essential oil products available to consumers on arthropod pests including the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso); western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; sweetpotato whitefly B-biotype, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius); and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Although the products Flower Pharm (cottonseed, cinnamon, and rosemary oil) and Indoor Pharm (soybean, rosemary, and lavender oil) provided > 90% mortality of citrus mealybug, they were also the most phytotoxic to the coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd, plants. Both GC-Mite (cottonseed, clove, and garlic oil) and Bugzyme (citric acid) were most effective against the twospotted spider mite (> or = 90% mortality). However, SMC (canola, coriander oil, and triethanolamine), neem (clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil), and Bug Assassin (eugenol, sodium lauryl sulfate, peppermint, and citronella oil) provided > 80% mortality. Monterey Garden Insect Spray, which contained 0.5% spinosad, was most effective against western flower thrips with 100% mortality. All the other products evaluated failed to provide sufficient control of western flower thrips with < 30% mortality. In addition, the products Pest Out (cottonseed, clove, and garlic oil), Bang (Pipereaceae), and Fruit & Vegetable Insect Spray (rosemary, cinnamon, clove oil, and garlic extract) had the highest flower (transvaal daisy, Gerberajamesonii [H. Bolus ex Hook.f]) phytotoxicity ratings (> or = 4.5 of 5) among all the products. None of the plant-derived essential oil products provided sufficient control of sweetpotato whitefly B-biotype or green peach aphid 7, 14, and 21 d after application. Furthermore, the products Bug Assassin (eugenol, sodium lauryl sulfate, peppermint, and citronella oil) and Sharpshooter (sodium lauryl sulfate and clove oil) were phytotoxic to the poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch, plants. This study is one of the first to quantitatively demonstrate that commercially available plant-derived essential oil products vary in their effectiveness against certain arthropod pests stated on the label and are phytotoxic.
一般来说，植物源精油产品被视为低风险农药，根据《联邦杀虫剂、杀菌剂和杀鼠剂法案》第25(b)条可免于美国环境保护局注册。然而，消费者（房主）可获得的许多植物源精油产品尚未对其功效和植物安全性进行审慎评估。事实上，众多标注用于防治节肢动物害虫的植物源精油产品并未经过严格评估，而且几乎没有关于其防治节肢动物害虫功效的科学信息或支持数据。我们进行了一系列温室试验，以确定消费者可获得的一系列植物源精油产品对包括柑橘粉蚧，即柑橘臀纹粉蚧（里斯）、西花蓟马，即西花蓟马（佩尔甘德）、二斑叶螨，即二斑叶螨（科赫）、甘薯粉虱B型生物型，即烟粉虱（根纳迪乌斯）以及桃蚜，即桃蚜（苏尔泽）在内的节肢动物害虫的功效和植物毒性。尽管Flower Pharm（棉籽、肉桂和迷迭香油）和Indoor Pharm（大豆、迷迭香和薰衣草油）产品对柑橘粉蚧的致死率超过90%，但它们对彩叶草，即鞘蕊花（科德）植物的植物毒性也最强。GC - Mite（棉籽、丁香和大蒜油）和Bugzyme（柠檬酸）对二斑叶螨最为有效（致死率≥90%）。然而，SMC（油菜籽、芫荽油和三乙醇胺）、印楝（印楝油澄清疏水提取物）和Bug Assassin（丁香酚和月桂醇硫酸酯钠、薄荷和香茅油）的致死率超过80%。含有0.5%多杀霉素的蒙特雷花园杀虫剂对西花蓟马最为有效，致死率达100%。评估的所有其他产品对西花蓟马的防治效果均不足，致死率低于30%。此外，Pest Out（棉籽、丁香和大蒜油）、Bang（胡椒科）以及果蔬杀虫剂（迷迭香、肉桂、丁香油和大蒜提取物）在所有产品中对花（德兰士瓦雏菊，即非洲菊[H. 博卢斯 前胡克.f]）的植物毒性评级最高（五级评分中≥4.5）。施用7天、14天和21天后，没有一种植物源精油产品对甘薯粉虱B型生物型或桃蚜提供足够的防治效果。此外Bug Assassin（丁香酚、月桂醇硫酸酯钠、薄荷和香茅油）和Sharpshooter（月桂醇硫酸酯钠和丁香油）产品对一品红，即猩猩木（威尔德 前克洛茨施）植物具有植物毒性。本研究首次定量证明，市售植物源精油产品对标签上所述的某些节肢动物害虫的防治效果各不相同，且具有植物毒性。
