Kapczynski Darrell R, Swayne David E
Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service-South Atlantic Area, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;333:133-52. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_6.
Beginning in Southeast Asia in 2003, a multinational epizootic outbreak of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was identified in commercial poultry and wild bird species. This lineage, originally identified in Southern China in 1996 and then Hong Kong in 1997, caused severe morbidity and mortality in many bird species, was responsible for considerable economic losses via trade restrictions, and crossed species barriers (including its recovery from human cases). To date, these H5N1 HPAI viruses have been isolated in European, Middle Eastern, and African countries, and are considered endemic in many areas where regulatory control and different production sectors face substantial hurdles in controlling the spread of this disease. While control of avian influenza (AI) virus infections in wild bird populations may not be feasible at this point, control and eradiation of AI from commercial, semicommercial, zoo, pet, and village/backyard birds will be critical to preventing events that could lead to the emergence of epizootic influenza virus. Efficacious vaccines can help reduce disease, viral shedding, and transmission to susceptible cohorts. However, only when vaccines are used in a comprehensive program including biosecurity, education, culling, diagnostics and surveillance can control and eradication be considered achievable goals. In humans, protection against influenza is provided by vaccines that are chosen based on molecular, epidemiologic, and antigenic data. In poultry and other birds, AI vaccines are produced against a specific hemagglutinin subtype of AI, and use is decided by government and state agricultural authorities based on risk and economic considerations, including the potential for trade restrictions. In the current H5N1 HPAI epizootic, vaccines have been used in a variety of avian species as a part of an overall control program to aid in disease management and control.
2003年始于东南亚，H5N1高致病性禽流感（HPAI）在商业家禽和野生鸟类中出现了跨国性的动物疫病暴发。该病毒谱系最初于1996年在中国南方被发现，随后于1997年在香港被发现，它在许多鸟类物种中引发了严重的发病和死亡，通过贸易限制造成了相当大的经济损失，并且跨越了物种屏障（包括从人类病例中检测到）。迄今为止，这些H5N1 HPAI病毒已在欧洲、中东和非洲国家被分离出来，在许多地区被认为是地方病，在这些地区，监管控制和不同生产部门在控制该疾病传播方面面临重大障碍。虽然目前控制野生鸟类群体中的禽流感（AI）病毒感染可能不可行，但控制和根除商业、半商业、动物园、宠物以及乡村/后院鸟类中的禽流感对于预防可能导致动物流行性流感病毒出现的事件至关重要。有效的疫苗有助于减少疾病、病毒传播以及向易感群体的传播。然而，只有当疫苗用于包括生物安全、教育、扑杀、诊断和监测在内的综合计划时，控制和根除才被视为可实现的目标。在人类中，流感疫苗是根据分子、流行病学和抗原数据选择的，用于预防流感。在家禽和其他鸟类中，禽流感疫苗是针对特定的禽流感血凝素亚型生产的，其使用由政府和国家农业当局根据风险和经济考虑因素决定，包括贸易限制的可能性。在当前的H5N1 HPAI动物疫病流行中，疫苗已在多种禽类中使用，作为整体控制计划的一部分，以协助疾病管理和控制。
