Swayne David E, Spackman Erica, Pantin-Jackwood Mary
Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA,
Ecohealth. 2014;11(1):94-108. doi: 10.1007/s10393-013-0861-3. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
Thirty-two epizootics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported in poultry and other birds since 1959. The ongoing H5N1 HPAI epizootic that began in 1996 has also spilled over to infect wild birds. Traditional stamping-out programs in poultry have resulted in eradication of most HPAI epizootics. However, vaccination of poultry was added as a control tool in 1995 and has been used during five epizootics. Over 113 billion doses of AI vaccine have been used in poultry from 2002 to 2010 as oil-emulsified, inactivated whole AIV vaccines (95.5%) and live vectored vaccines (4.5%). Over 99% of the vaccine has been used in the four H5N1 HPAI enzootic countries: China including Hong Kong (91%), Egypt (4.7%), Indonesia (2.3%), and Vietnam (1.4%) where vaccination programs have been nationwide and routine to all poultry. Ten other countries used vaccine in poultry in a focused, risk-based manner but this accounted for less than 1% of the vaccine used. Most vaccine "failures" have resulted from problems in the vaccination process; i.e., failure to adequately administer the vaccine to at-risk poultry resulting in lack of population immunity, while fewer failures have resulted from antigenic drift of field viruses away from the vaccine viruses. It is currently not feasible to vaccinate wild birds against H5N1 HPAI, but naturally occurring infections with H5 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses may generate cross-protective immunity against H5N1 HPAI. The most feasible method to prevent and control H5N1 HPAI in wild birds is through control of the disease in poultry with use of vaccine to reduce environmental burden of H5N1 HPAIV, and eventual eradication of the virus in domestic poultry, especially in domestic ducks which are raised in enzootic countries on range or in other outdoor systems having contact with wild aquatic and periurban terrestrial birds.
自1959年以来，已在家禽和其他鸟类中报告了32起高致病性禽流感（HPAI）疫情。始于1996年的H5N1 HPAI疫情也已蔓延至野生鸟类。家禽传统扑杀计划已使大多数HPAI疫情得到根除。然而，1995年将家禽疫苗接种作为一种控制手段，并在五次疫情期间使用。2002年至2010年期间，超过1130亿剂禽流感疫苗用于家禽，其中油乳剂灭活全禽流感病毒疫苗（95.5%）和活载体疫苗（4.5%）。超过99%的疫苗用于四个H5N1 HPAI地方流行国家：包括香港的中国（91%）、埃及（4.7%）、印度尼西亚（2.3%）和越南（1.4%），这些国家的疫苗接种计划是全国性的且针对所有家禽。其他十个国家以重点、基于风险的方式在家禽中使用疫苗，但这占所用疫苗的比例不到1%。大多数疫苗“失效”是由接种过程中的问题导致的；即未能对有风险的家禽充分接种疫苗，导致群体免疫缺失，而较少的失效是由野外病毒与疫苗病毒的抗原性漂移导致的。目前对野生鸟类接种H5N1 HPAI疫苗不可行，但H5低致病性禽流感病毒的自然感染可能产生针对H5N1 HPAI的交叉保护性免疫。预防和控制野生鸟类中H5N1 HPAI最可行的方法是通过在家禽中控制疾病，使用疫苗减轻H5N1 HPAIV的环境负担，并最终在家禽中根除该病毒，特别是在地方流行国家野外放养或在其他与野生水禽和城市周边陆地鸟类有接触的户外系统中饲养的家鸭。
