The interaction of temperature, water availability and fire cues regulates seed germination in a fire-prone landscape.

Ambient temperature and water availability regulate seasonal timing of germination. In fire-prone landscapes, the role of fire-related cues in affecting the range of temperatures and water potentials (psis) across which germination can occur is poorly known, especially in non-Mediterranean landscapes. We examined interactive effects of temperature (15 or 25 degrees C), psi (0 to -0.9 MPa), and fire-related cues (heat and smoke) on germination for seeds of three shrub species from fire-prone southeastern Australia. Incubation temperature affected germination of untreated seeds of Kunzea ambigua and Kunzea capitata (Myrtaceae) (reduction at 25 degrees C), but germination was uniformly low in Epacris obtusifolia (Ericaceae). Decreasing psi reduced germination across both incubation temperatures. Fire cues increased germination at both incubation temperatures and across psis, although in Kunzea the increase was smaller and occurred over a narrower range of psis at 25 degrees C. Hydrotime analysis suggested that fire cues reduced the amount of water necessary for germination of Kunzea seeds. Post-fire germination of the three study species may occur during the warm season, although it is reduced and confined to wet periods for the two Kunzea species. Warm season germination of the study species is consistent with a trade-off between the increased risk of failure of a cohort of seedlings, and benefits of early establishment of a cohort that may survive in an environment with aseasonal rainfall.