Colloid Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Scientific campus, Golm, 14746 Potsdam, Germany.
Chemistry. 2009 Nov 9;15(44):11999-2004. doi: 10.1002/chem.200901496.
The use of urea as either a carbon or a nitrogen source enabled the synthesis of various early-transition-metal nitride and carbide nanoparticles (TiN, NbN, Mo(2)N, W(2)N, NbC(x)N(1-x), Mo(2)C and WC). The ability of these particles to promote alkylation reactions with alcohols was tested on benzyl alcohol and acetophenone at 150 degrees C for 20 h in xylene. Group IV and V ceramics proved to be able to catalyse the formation of 1,3-diphenyl propenone, whereas group VI ceramics showed a tendency to promote the Friedel-Crafts-type reaction of benzyl alcohol on xylene (the solvent). TiN featured the highest activity for the alkylation of ketones and was further tested for more difficult alkylations. Group VI ceramics were further investigated as catalysts for the Friedel-Crafts-type alkylation of aromatics with activated alcohols. Interestingly, even hexanol could be effectively used for these reactions.
尿素既可以作为碳源也可以作为氮源，从而实现了各种早期过渡金属氮化物和碳化物纳米粒子（TiN、NbN、Mo2N、W2N、NbC(x)N(1-x)、Mo2C 和 WC）的合成。这些粒子在 150°C 下在二甲苯中用 20 小时测试了它们促进醇的烷基化反应的能力，对苄醇和苯乙酮进行了测试。IV 族和 V 族陶瓷被证明能够催化 1,3-二苯基丙烯酮的形成，而 VI 族陶瓷则表现出促进苄醇在二甲苯（溶剂）上的 Friedel-Crafts 型反应的趋势。TiN 对酮的烷基化具有最高的活性，并进一步测试了更困难的烷基化反应。VI 族陶瓷进一步被研究作为用活化醇进行芳族化合物的 Friedel-Crafts 型烷基化反应的催化剂。有趣的是，甚至己醇也可以有效地用于这些反应。
