PID controller tuning for integrating processes.

Minimizing the integral squared error (ISE) criterion to get the optimal controller parameters results in a PD controller for integrating processes. The PD controller gives good servo response but fails to reject the load disturbances. In this paper, it is shown that satisfactory closed loop performances for a class of integrating processes are obtained if the ISE criterion is minimized with the constraint that the slope of the Nyquist curve has a specified value at the gain crossover frequency. Guidelines are provided for selecting the gain crossover frequency and the slope of the Nyquist curve. The proposed method is compared with some of the existing methods to control integrating plant transfer functions and in the examples taken it always gave better results for the load disturbance rejection whilst maintaining satisfactory setpoint response. For ease of use, analytical expressions correlating the controller parameters to plant model parameters are also given.