Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Prog Neurobiol. 2009 Dec;89(4):369-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.001. Epub 2009 Oct 9.
The concept of 'cognitive reserve', and a broader theory of 'brain reserve', were originally proposed to help explain epidemiological data indicating that individuals who engaged in higher levels of mental and physical activity via education, occupation and recreation, were at lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Subsequently, behavioral, cellular and molecular studies in animals (predominantly mice and rats) have revealed dramatic effects of environmental enrichment, which involves enhanced levels of sensory, cognitive and motor stimulation via housing in novel, complex environments. Furthermore, increasing levels of voluntary physical exercise, via ad libitum access to running wheels, can have significant effects on brain and behavior, thus informing the relative effects of mental and physical activity. More recently, animal models of brain disorders have been compared under environmentally stimulating and standard housing conditions, and this has provided new insights into environmental modulators and gene-environment interactions involved in pathogenesis. Here, we review animal studies that have investigated the effects of modifying mental and physical activity via experimental manipulations, and discuss their relevance to brain and cognitive reserve (BCR). Recent evidence suggests that the concept of BCR is not only relevant to brain aging, neurodegenerative diseases and dementia, but also to other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating BCR may not only facilitate future strategies aimed at optimising healthy brain aging, but could also identify molecular targets for novel pharmacological approaches aimed at boosting BCR in 'at risk' and symptomatic individuals with various brain disorders.
“认知储备”的概念以及更广泛的“大脑储备”理论最初是为了帮助解释表明通过教育、职业和娱乐活动来进行更高水平的精神和身体活动的个体患阿尔茨海默病和其他形式痴呆的风险较低的流行病学数据。随后，动物（主要是老鼠和大鼠）的行为、细胞和分子研究揭示了环境丰富的显著影响，它通过在新颖、复杂的环境中进行的感官、认知和运动刺激来增强。此外，通过自由进入跑步轮来增加自愿身体锻炼的水平，可以对大脑和行为产生重大影响，从而了解精神和身体活动的相对影响。最近，在环境刺激和标准饲养条件下比较了脑疾病的动物模型，这为发病机制中涉及的环境调节剂和基因-环境相互作用提供了新的见解。在这里，我们回顾了通过实验操作来研究通过改变精神和身体活动来改变大脑和认知储备（BCR）的动物研究，并讨论了它们与 BCR 的相关性。最近的证据表明，BCR 的概念不仅与大脑衰老、神经退行性疾病和痴呆有关，而且与其他神经和精神疾病也有关。了解介导 BCR 的细胞和分子机制不仅可以促进未来旨在优化健康大脑衰老的策略，而且还可以确定针对各种具有不同大脑疾病的“有风险”和有症状个体增强 BCR 的新型药理学方法的分子靶标。
