Heitz Robert F
Hist Sci Med. 2009 Apr-Jun;43(2):199-208.
Leonardo da Vinci's Manuscript D consists of five double pages sheets, which, folded in two, comprise ten folios. This document, in the old Tuscan dialect and mirror writing, reveals the ideas of Leonardo on the anatomy of the eye in relation to the formation of images and visual perception. Leonardo explains in particular the behavior of the rays in the eye in terms of refraction and reflection, and is very mechanistic in his conception of the eye and of the visual process. The most significant innovations found in these folios are the concept of the eye as a camera obscura and the intersection of light rays in the interior of the eye. His texts nevertheless show hesitation, doubts and a troubled confusion, reflecting the ideas and uncertainties of his era. He did not share his results in his lifetime, despite both printing and etching being readily available to him.
列奥纳多·达·芬奇的《手稿D》由五张对开纸组成，对折后包含十个页码。这份用古托斯卡纳方言和镜像书写的文件，揭示了列奥纳多关于眼睛解剖与图像形成及视觉感知相关的观点。列奥纳多特别从折射和反射的角度解释了光线在眼睛中的行为，并且在他对眼睛和视觉过程的概念中非常机械。这些页码中发现的最显著创新是将眼睛视为暗箱的概念以及光线在眼睛内部的交叉。然而，他的文字显示出犹豫、怀疑和困扰的困惑，反映了他那个时代的观念和不确定性。尽管印刷和蚀刻技术在他那个时代已经很普及，但他在有生之年并未分享他的研究成果。
