Geddes Christopher R, McAlister Vivian C
Departments of Surgery University of Toronto, Toronto.
Can J Surg. 2009 Oct;52(5):E126-30.
The practice of surgery had changed little over millennia when Abraham Groves and William Osler attended medical school together in Toronto, Ontario. The invention of anesthesia sparked such rapid development that by the time of Groves' and Osler's deaths, surgical practice resembled the current model. Several priority claims have been attributed to Groves' life in surgery, including aseptic surgery (1874), suprapubic lithotomy (1878), appendectomy (1883), surgical gloves (1885) and cancer radiotherapy (1903). These claims arise from an autobiography written by Groves at the age of 87 years in 1934.
The purpose of this paper is to assess these priority claims from a modern surgical perspective. We did a systematic search of contemporary (1873-1934) and modern journals for articles by or about Groves. We searched relevant archives and museums. We reviewed the 1934 autobiography, notes held by descendants, reminiscences by contemporaries and collateral information. We assessed the information not only for priority but also for the development of organized surgical thought.
Groves published frequently throughout his career; thus far we have located 36 papers, almost all of which were published in Canadian journals. He spoke regularly at regional meetings in Ontario. Many medical students apprenticed with him (including his brother, son and grandson), he established a hospital and he founded a school of nursing. His contemporaries published complimentary reminiscences, but no correspondence with his classmate, William Osler, is known. Groves' priority claims for aseptic surgery, suprapubic lithotomy and radiotherapy are supported by contemporary publications. Groves independently developed an organized surgical system that remains valid today. Priority claims for appendectomy and the use of surgical gloves are entirely consistent with that system.
Although Groves' impact was reduced by his location and the limited circulation of the journals in which he wrote, he demonstrated a systematic understanding of modern surgery well ahead of his contemporaries.
当亚伯拉罕·格罗夫斯和威廉·奥斯勒一同在安大略省多伦多市上医学院时，数千年来外科手术的实践变化甚微。麻醉术的发明引发了如此迅速的发展，以至于到格罗夫斯和奥斯勒去世时，外科手术实践已类似于当前模式。格罗夫斯在外科手术领域的一生中有多项优先权声明，包括无菌手术（1874年）、耻骨上膀胱切开取石术（1878年）、阑尾切除术（1883年）、手术手套（1885年）和癌症放射疗法（1903年）。这些声明源自格罗夫斯于1934年87岁时所写的一本自传。
本文的目的是从现代外科的角度评估这些优先权声明。我们系统检索了当代（1873 - 1934年）和现代期刊中由格罗夫斯撰写或关于格罗夫斯的文章。我们搜索了相关档案和博物馆。我们查阅了1934年的自传、其后代保存的笔记、同时代人的回忆录以及间接信息。我们不仅评估这些信息的优先权，还评估其对有组织的外科思想发展的影响。
格罗夫斯在其整个职业生涯中发表了大量文章；到目前为止我们已找到36篇论文，几乎所有这些论文都发表在加拿大期刊上。他定期在安大略省的地区会议上发言。许多医学生跟随他实习（包括他的兄弟、儿子和孙子），他创办了一家医院并建立了一所护理学校。他的同时代人发表了赞美的回忆录，但不知他与同学威廉·奥斯勒有任何通信。格罗夫斯关于无菌手术、耻骨上膀胱切开取石术和放射疗法的优先权声明得到了当代出版物的支持。格罗夫斯独立发展了一种至今仍然有效的有组织的外科手术体系。关于阑尾切除术和手术手套使用的优先权声明与该体系完全一致。
尽管格罗夫斯因其所处位置以及他所发表文章的期刊发行量有限而影响力有所降低，但他比他的同时代人更早地展现出对现代外科手术的系统理解。
