Venous rupture during percutaneous treatment of hemodialysis fistulas and grafts.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to analyze the risk and consequences of venous rupture during angioplasty of malfunctioning hemodialysis grafts and fistulas.

BACKGROUND

Venous stenoses in the outflow limb of hemodialysis accesses often require ultra-high balloon pressure for optimal dilatation.

METHODS

Baseline characteristics and outcomes were analyzed for a consecutive series of patients treated between 1999 and 2008.

RESULTS

Venous rupture or perforation occurred in 11 of 1242 (0.9%) procedures. No patient with a rupture or perforation died or required emergency or urgent surgical repair. Two of 11 patients (18.2%) required transfusions, 8 of 11 patients (72.7%) required stenting, and 6 of 8 (75.0%) who needed stenting received covered stents to achieve hemostasis. Rupture led to access thrombosis within 30 days in 9 of 11 cases (82%). Multivariable logistical regression analysis suggested that using a balloon catheter more than 2 mm larger than the diameter of the hemodialysis access or using peripheral cutting balloons increased the risk of rupture or perforation.

CONCLUSIONS

Rupture or perforation is a rare complication of treatment of malfunctioning hemodialysis grafts and fistulas. The complication may be managed with nonsurgical methods and might be avoided by optimal balloon selection and sizing.