Frey H Christopher, Zhai Haibo, Rouphail Nagui M
Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Nov 1;43(21):8449-55. doi: 10.1021/es900535s.
This study presents a methodology for estimating high-resolution, regional on-road vehicle emissions and the associated reductions in air pollutant emissions from vehicles that utilize alternative fuels or propulsion technologies. The fuels considered are gasoline, diesel, ethanol, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, and electricity. The technologies considered are internal combustion or compression engines, hybrids, fuel cell, and electric. Road link-based emission models are developed using modal fuel use and emission rates applied to facility- and speed-specific driving cycles. For an urban case study, passenger cars were found to be the largest sources of HC, CO, and CO(2) emissions, whereas trucks contributed the largest share of NO(x) emissions. When alternative fuel and propulsion technologies were introduced in the fleet at a modest market penetration level of 27%, their emission reductions were found to be 3-14%. Emissions for all pollutants generally decreased with an increase in the market share of alternative vehicle technologies. Turnover of the light duty fleet to newer Tier 2 vehicles reduced emissions of HC, CO, and NO(x) substantially. However, modest improvements in fuel economy may be offset by VMT growth and reductions in overall average speed.
本研究提出了一种方法，用于估算高分辨率的区域道路车辆排放，以及使用替代燃料或推进技术的车辆所带来的空气污染物排放的相应减少量。所考虑的燃料包括汽油、柴油、乙醇、生物柴油、压缩天然气、氢气和电力。所考虑的技术包括内燃机或压缩发动机、混合动力车、燃料电池和电动汽车。基于道路路段的排放模型是利用应用于特定设施和速度的驾驶循环的模态燃料使用量和排放率来开发的。对于一个城市案例研究，发现乘用车是碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和二氧化碳排放的最大来源，而卡车在氮氧化物排放中占最大份额。当替代燃料和推进技术以27%的适度市场渗透率引入车队时，发现其排放量减少了3%至14%。所有污染物的排放通常随着替代车辆技术市场份额的增加而减少。轻型车队向更新的 Tier 2 车辆的更替大幅减少了碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和氮氧化物的排放。然而，燃油经济性的适度提高可能会被车辆行驶里程的增长和整体平均速度的降低所抵消。
