Hurlbert Stuart H
Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
J Comp Psychol. 2009 Nov;123(4):434-43. doi: 10.1037/a0016221.
The history, definitions, and transdisciplinary extent of pseudoreplication, as well as some key concepts of experimental design, are briefly reviewed. Pseudoreplication, sometimes also referred to as the 'unit of analysis error,' is one of the commonest errors of statistical analysis and interpretation. It is a simple albeit serious one. It persists in part because of the failure of statisticians and scientists to develop a clear, consistent terminology for the concepts of statistics, experimental design, and sampling design that is used across all disciplines, as well as a terminology for specific categories of the more common errors. Lack of a clear terminology, in turn, has fostered narrow, discipline-specific jargon, inconsistency among textbooks and reference works, and ineffective teaching. Reform of terminology is possible, and great improvement in statistical practice would follow.
本文简要回顾了伪重复的历史、定义、跨学科范围以及实验设计的一些关键概念。伪重复，有时也被称为“分析单位误差”，是统计分析和解释中最常见的错误之一。它虽然简单但很严重。它之所以持续存在，部分原因是统计学家和科学家未能为所有学科通用的统计学、实验设计和抽样设计概念制定清晰、一致的术语，以及针对更常见错误的特定类别制定术语。反过来，缺乏清晰的术语导致了狭隘的、特定学科的行话，教科书和参考著作之间的不一致，以及无效的教学。术语改革是可能的，随之而来的将是统计实践的巨大改进。
