Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix in Partnership with Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
J Anat. 2009 Dec;215(6):611-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01156.x.
Within the order Carnivora, the phylogeny of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is contentious, with morphological and molecular studies supporting a wide range of possible relationships, including close ties to procyonids, ursids, mustelids and mephitids. This study provides additional morphological data, including muscle maps, for the forelimb of Ailurus, based on the dissection of four cadavers from the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA. The red panda forelimb is characterized by a number of primitive features, including the lack of m. rhomboideus profundus, a humeral insertion for m. cleidobrachialis, the presence of mm. brachioradialis, articularis humeri and coracobrachialis, a single muscle belly for m. extensor digitorum lateralis with tendons to digits III-V, four mm. lumbricales, and the presence of mm. flexor digitorum brevis manus, adductores digiti I, II and V, and abductor digiti I and V. Red pandas resemble Ailuropoda, mustelids and some procyonids in possessing a soft tissue origin of m. flexor digitorum superficialis. In addition, red pandas are similar to ursids and procyonids in having a variable presence of m. biceps brachii caput breve. Furthermore, Ailurus and some ursids lack m. rhomboideus capitis. The forelimb muscle maps from this study represent a valuable resource for analyzing the functional anatomy of fossil ailurids and some notes on the Miocene ailurid, Simocyon batalleri, are presented.
在食肉目动物中，小熊猫（Ailurus fulgens）的系统发育存在争议，形态学和分子研究支持多种可能的关系，包括与浣熊科、熊科、鼬科和臭鼬科密切相关。本研究基于美国华盛顿特区国家动物园的四个尸体解剖，提供了小熊猫前肢的额外形态学数据，包括肌肉图谱。小熊猫前肢具有许多原始特征，包括缺乏深菱形肌、肱二头肌的肱骨附着、桡侧腕长伸肌、关节突肌和肱二头肌、用于第三至第五指的外侧指伸肌的单个肌腹、四条蚓状肌以及短手内收肌、第一、二和五指内收肌、第一和五指外展肌。小熊猫与大熊猫、鼬科和一些浣熊科动物一样，具有浅指屈肌的软组织起源。此外，小熊猫与熊科和浣熊科动物一样，短头二头肌存在可变性。此外，小熊猫和一些熊科动物缺乏头菱形肌。本研究的前肢肌肉图谱为分析化石小熊猫和一些中新世小熊猫（Simocyon batalleri）的功能解剖学提供了有价值的资源。
