San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Mar;30(2):145-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.005. Epub 2009 Nov 5.
Two cross-temporal meta-analyses find large generational increases in psychopathology among American college students (N=63,706) between 1938 and 2007 on the MMPI and MMPI-2 and high school students (N=13,870) between 1951 and 2002 on the MMPI-A. The current generation of young people scores about a standard deviation higher (average d=1.05) on the clinical scales, including Pd (Psychopathic Deviation), Pa (Paranoia), Ma (Hypomania), and D (Depression). Five times as many now score above common cutoffs for psychopathology, including up to 40% on Ma. The birth cohort effects are still large and significant after controlling for the L and K validity scales, suggesting that the changes are not caused by response bias. The results best fit a model citing cultural shifts toward extrinsic goals, such as materialism and status and away from intrinsic goals, such as community, meaning in life, and affiliation.
两项跨时间的荟萃分析发现，从 1938 年到 2007 年，美国大学生（共 63706 人）在 MMPI 和 MMPI-2 上的精神病理学呈世代性大幅增加；从 1951 年到 2002 年，高中生（共 13870 人）在 MMPI-A 上的精神病理学呈世代性大幅增加。当前这一代年轻人在临床量表上的得分高出约一个标准差（平均 d=1.05），包括 Pd（精神变态偏离）、Pa（偏执）、Ma（轻躁狂）和 D（抑郁）。现在有五倍多的人得分超过常见的精神病理学 cutoff，包括高达 40%的 Ma。即使在控制了 L 和 K 效度量表后，出生队列效应仍然很大且显著，这表明这些变化不是由反应偏差引起的。这些结果最符合一种模型，该模型指出文化朝着外在目标（如物质主义和地位）转变，而远离内在目标（如社区、生活意义和归属）。
