Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2010 Mar;72(3):193-205. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20768.
Juveniles should choose social partners on the basis of both current and future utility. Where one sex is philopatric, one expects members of that sex to develop greater and sex-typical social integration with group-mates over the juvenile period. Where a partner's position in a dominance hierarchy is not associated with services it can provide, one would not expect juveniles to choose partners based on rank, nor sex differences in rank-based preferences. We tested these ideas on 39 wild juvenile (3.2-7.4 years) blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni), cercopithecines with strict female philopatry and muted hierarchies. We made focal animal observations over 6 months, and computed observed:expected amounts of proximity time, approaches and grooming given to various social partners. Overall, our results agree with the hypothesis that juvenile blue monkeys target social partners strategically. Spatial proximity, approaches and active grooming showed similar patterns regarding juvenile social preferences. Females were far more sociable than males, groomed more partners, reciprocated grooming more frequently, and preferred-while males avoided-infants as partners. Older juveniles (5-7 years) spent more time than younger juveniles (3-4 years) near others, and older females were especially attracted to infants. Close kin, especially mothers and less consistently adult sisters, were attractive to both male and female juveniles, regardless of age. Both sexes also preferred same-sex juveniles as social partners while avoiding opposite-sex peers. Juveniles of both sexes and ages generally neither preferred nor avoided nonmaternal adult females, but all juveniles avoided adult males. Partner's rank had no consistent effect on juveniles' preference, as expected for a species in which dominance plays a weak role. Juveniles' social preferences likely reflect both future and current benefits, including having tolerant adult kin to protect them against predators and conspecifics, same-sex play partners, and, for females, infants on which to practice mothering skills. Am. J. Primatol. 72:193-205, 2010. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
青少年应该根据当前和未来的效用来选择社会伙伴。如果一种性别是亲代的，那么人们期望该性别的成员在青少年时期与群体伙伴发展出更大的、性别典型的社会融合。如果一个伴侣在支配等级中的地位与其提供的服务无关，那么人们就不会期望青少年根据等级来选择伴侣，也不会期望性别差异会影响基于等级的偏好。我们在 39 只野生幼年（3.2-7.4 岁）蓝猴（Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni）身上测试了这些想法，这些蓝猴是严格亲代的、等级制度不明显的长尾猴。我们进行了 6 个月的焦点动物观察，并计算了观察到的与各种社会伙伴的接近时间、接近次数和梳理次数。总的来说，我们的结果与以下假设一致，即幼年蓝猴会策略性地选择社会伙伴。空间接近度、接近次数和主动梳理在幼年蓝猴的社交偏好方面呈现出相似的模式。雌性比雄性更具社交性，梳理的伙伴更多，相互梳理的频率更高，更喜欢（而雄性则避免）婴儿作为伙伴。年龄较大的青少年（5-7 岁）比年龄较小的青少年（3-4 岁）与他人在一起的时间更多，年龄较大的雌性特别喜欢婴儿。近亲，尤其是母亲和不太一致的成年姐妹，对雄性和雌性青少年都有吸引力，无论年龄大小。两性青少年通常既不喜欢也不回避异性同龄人，而是回避成年雄性。正如预期的那样，在一个支配作用较弱的物种中，同伴的等级对青少年的偏好没有一致的影响。青少年的社交偏好可能反映了当前和未来的利益，包括有宽容的成年亲属来保护他们免受捕食者和同类的伤害，有同性的玩伴，以及对于雌性来说，有婴儿可以练习母性技能。美国《普通心理学杂志》72:193-205，2010 年。（c）2009 年威利-利希出版社。
