School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG72RD, UK.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Feb;208(3):337-51. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1735-9. Epub 2009 Dec 4.
Drug cues play an important role in motivating human drug taking, lapse and relapse, but the psychological basis of this effect has not been fully specified.
To clarify these mechanisms, the study measured the extent to which pictorial and conditioned tobacco cues enhanced smoking topography in an ad libitum smoking session simultaneously with cue effects on subjective craving, pleasure and anxiety.
Both cue types increased the number of puffs consumed and craving, but pleasure and anxiety responses were dissociated across cue type. Moreover, cue effects on puff number correlated with effects on craving but not pleasure or anxiety. Finally, whereas overall puff number and craving declined across the two blocks of consumption, consistent with burgeoning satiety, cue enhancement of puff number and craving were both unaffected by satiety.
Overall, the data suggest that cue-elicited drug taking in humans is mediated by an expectancy-based associative learning architecture, which paradoxically is autonomous of the current incentive value of the drug.
药物线索在激发人类药物使用、失误和复吸方面起着重要作用，但这一效应的心理基础尚未得到充分说明。
为了阐明这些机制，该研究在自由吸烟期间同时测量了图片和条件性烟草线索在多大程度上增强了吸烟状态，同时还测量了线索对主观渴望、愉悦和焦虑的影响。
两种线索类型都增加了吸烟量和渴望感，但愉悦和焦虑反应在线索类型之间存在差异。此外，吸烟量与渴望感的关联与吸烟量与愉悦或焦虑的关联不同。最后，尽管整体吸烟量和渴望感在两个吸烟阶段都下降了，这与饱腹感的增加一致，但吸烟量和渴望感的线索增强都不受饱腹感的影响。
总的来说，这些数据表明，人类线索诱发的药物使用是由基于期望的联想学习结构介导的，这种结构与药物的当前激励价值相反是自主的。
