Centre de Traitement des Addictions, Centre Hospitalier Emile Roux, 1 avenue de Verdun, 94456 Limeil-Brévannes, France.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010 Mar;34(4):606-23. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024. Epub 2009 Dec 2.
We examine in this paper the unfolding of craving concepts within 18 models that span roughly 60 years (1948-2009). The amassed evidence suggests that craving is an indispensable construct, useful as a research area because it has continued to destabilize patients seeking treatment for substances. The models fall into four categories: the conditioning-based models, the cognitive models, the psychobiological models, and the motivation models. In the conditioning models, craving is assumed to be an automatic, unconscious reaction to a stimulus. In the cognitive models, craving arises from the operation of information processing systems. In the psychobiological models, craving can be explained at least in part by biological factors with an emphasis on motivational components. Finally, in the motivation models, craving is viewed as a component of a larger decision-making framework. It is well accepted that no single model explains craving completely, suggesting that a solid understanding of the phenomenon will only occur with consideration from multiple angles. A reformulated definition of craving is proposed.
本文考察了跨越大约 60 年（1948-2009 年）的 18 个模型中， craving 概念的发展过程。积累的证据表明， craving 是一个不可或缺的概念，作为一个研究领域是有用的，因为它继续使寻求治疗物质成瘾的患者不稳定。这些模型分为四类：基于条件作用的模型、认知模型、心理生物学模型和动机模型。在条件作用模型中， craving 被假设为对刺激的自动、无意识反应。在认知模型中， craving 源于信息处理系统的运作。在心理生物学模型中， craving 至少可以部分地用强调动机成分的生物因素来解释。最后，在动机模型中， craving 被视为一个更大的决策框架的组成部分。人们普遍认为，没有一个单一的模型能完全解释 craving，这表明只有从多个角度考虑，才能对这一现象有一个坚实的理解。本文提出了对 craving 的重新定义。
