van Wingen Guido A, van Eijndhoven Philip, Cremers Henk R, Tendolkar Indira, Verkes Robbert Jan, Buitelaar Jan K, Fernández Guillén
Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Jun;44(8):527-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.009. Epub 2009 Dec 11.
Mood-congruent cognitive biases constitute critical factors for the vulnerability to depression and its maintenance. One important aspect is impaired memory for positive information during depression and after recovery. To elucidate its state (during depression only) and trait (during depression and recovery) related neural bases, we investigated medication free depressed, recovered, and healthy individuals with functional MRI while they memorized and recognized happy and neutral face stimuli. The imaging results revealed group differences in mood-incongruent successful memory encoding and retrieval activity already in the absence of significant memory performance differences. State effects were observed in the amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex. Whereas the amygdala was generally involved in memory formation, its activity predicted subsequent forgetting of neutral faces in depressed patients. Furthermore, the amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex were involved in memory retrieval of happy faces in depressed patients only. Trait effects were observed in the fusiform gyrus and prefrontal cortex. The fusiform gyrus was involved in memory formation and retrieval of happy faces in both patient groups, whereas it was involved in memory formation and retrieval of neutral faces in healthy individuals. Similar trait effects were observed during memory retrieval in the orbitofrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. Thus, while memory processing of positive information in the amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex is biased during depression only, memory processing in the fusiform gyrus and prefrontal cortex is biased also after recovery. These distinct neural mechanisms may respectively constitute symptom maintenance and cognitive vulnerability factors for depression.
情绪一致性认知偏差是导致抑郁易感性及其持续存在的关键因素。一个重要方面是在抑郁期间及恢复后对积极信息的记忆受损。为了阐明其与状态（仅在抑郁期间）和特质（在抑郁期间及恢复后）相关的神经基础，我们对未服药的抑郁症患者、康复者和健康个体进行了功能磁共振成像研究，让他们记忆并识别快乐和中性的面部刺激。成像结果显示，在没有显著记忆表现差异的情况下，情绪不一致的成功记忆编码和检索活动存在组间差异。在杏仁核和后扣带回皮层观察到了状态效应。虽然杏仁核通常参与记忆形成，但其活动预示着抑郁症患者随后会忘记中性面孔。此外，杏仁核和后扣带回皮层仅在抑郁症患者中参与快乐面孔的记忆检索。在梭状回和前额叶皮层观察到了特质效应。在两个患者组中，梭状回都参与快乐面孔的记忆形成和检索，而在健康个体中，它参与中性面孔的记忆形成和检索。在眶额皮层和左下额叶回的记忆检索过程中也观察到了类似的特质效应。因此，虽然杏仁核和后扣带回皮层中积极信息的记忆处理仅在抑郁期间存在偏差，但梭状回和前额叶皮层中的记忆处理在恢复后也存在偏差。这些不同的神经机制可能分别构成抑郁症的症状维持和认知易感性因素。
