Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
J Biomech. 2010 Mar 22;43(5):1002-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.11.009. Epub 2009 Dec 16.
This study highlights a new experimental method developed to measure full-field deformation of human skin in vivo. The technique uses a small-scale Qualisys (Sweden) 3D motion capture system and an array of reflective markers placed on the forearm of five healthy volunteers. A load of up to 1.5N was applied to induce skin deformation by pulling a fine wire attached to the centre of the marker configuration. Loading and marker displacements were recorded simultaneously. 3D marker trajectory data was generated for three different load directions. Tests were repeated to investigate accuracy and repeatability. Calibration results indicate the accuracy of the motion capture system with an average residual of 0.05 mm. The procedure was found to be repeatable and accurate for five repeated tests of measured displacements with a maximum variance of 5%. Experimental data are presented to demonstrate robustness and the ability to produce significant outputs. For all five subjects, at 1N load, the mean and standard deviations of skin axial and lateral displacements were found to be 11.7+/-1.6mm and 12.3+/-3.3mm, respectively. The axial displacements ratio (u(90)/u(0)) ranges from 0.63 to 1.45 with mean+/-standard deviation of 0.982+/-0.34 and 0.982+/-0.32 for left and right arms, respectively. The experiments generated useful and accurate data that can be used to study the viscoelastic, hyperelastic or anisotropic behaviour of human skin. The measured displacements will be analysed further to determine the mechanical properties of skin using inverse Finite Element Analysis and Ogden model.
本研究提出了一种新的实验方法,用于测量人体皮肤的全场变形。该技术使用小型 Qualisys(瑞典)3D 运动捕捉系统和放置在前臂上的一系列反射标记。通过拉动连接到标记配置中心的细导线施加高达 1.5N 的负载以引起皮肤变形。同时记录加载和标记位移。为三个不同的加载方向生成了 3D 标记轨迹数据。进行了重复测试以研究准确性和可重复性。校准结果表明运动捕捉系统的精度平均残余误差为 0.05mm。对于五次重复测量的位移,该过程被发现是可重复且准确的,最大方差为 5%。实验数据证明了其稳健性和产生显著输出的能力。对于所有五个受试者,在 1N 负载下,皮肤轴向和侧向位移的平均值和标准差分别为 11.7+/-1.6mm 和 12.3+/-3.3mm。轴向位移比(u(90)/u(0))范围从 0.63 到 1.45,平均值+/-标准差分别为 0.982+/-0.34 和 0.982+/-0.32,分别用于左右手臂。实验产生了有用且准确的数据,可用于研究人体皮肤的粘弹性、超弹性或各向异性行为。将进一步分析测量位移,使用逆有限元分析和 Ogden 模型确定皮肤的力学性能。
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