Non-viral nanosystems for systemic siRNA delivery.

To use siRNA (small interfering ribonucleic acids) for systemic administration, a delivery system is often necessary to overcome barriers between administration and the target sites. These delivery systems require different properties to be efficient. On the one hand, they have to protect siRNA from degradation and/or inactivation and, on the other hand, they have themselves to be stable in blood and possess stealth properties to avoid elimination and degradation. Active and/or passive targeting should help the delivery system to reach the desired cell type or tissue, to be internalised, and to deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm so that siRNA can act by RNA interference and inhibit protein synthesis. This review presents an overview of different non-viral delivery systems, which have been evaluated in vivo or entered in clinical trials, with a focus on their physicochemical properties in order to help the development of new and efficient siRNA delivery systems, as the therapeutic solutions of tomorrow.