Reduction of bias in static closed chamber measurement of delta13C in soil CO2 efflux.

The (13)C/(12)C ratio of soil CO(2) efflux (delta(e)) is an important parameter in studies of ecosystem C dynamics, where the accuracy of estimated C flux rates depends on the measurement uncertainty of delta(e). The static closed chamber method is frequently used in the determination of delta(e), where the soil CO(2) efflux is accumulated in the headspace of a chamber placed on top of the soil surface. However, it has recently been shown that the estimate of delta(e) obtained by using this method could be significantly biased, which potentially diminish the usefulness of delta(e) for field applications. Here, analytical and numerical models were used to express the bias in delta(e) as mathematical functions of three system parameters: chamber height (H), chamber radius (R(c)), and soil air-filled porosity (theta). These expressions allow optimization of chamber size to yield a bias, which is at a level suitable for each particular application of the method. The numerical model was further used to quantify the effects on the delta(e) bias from (i) various designs for sealing of the chamber to ground, and (ii) inclusion of the commonly used purging step for reduction of the initial headspace CO(2) concentration. The present modeling work provided insights into the effects on the delta(e) bias from retardation and partial chamber bypass of the soil CO(2) efflux. The results presented here supported the continued use of the static closed chamber method for the determination of delta(e), with improved control of the bias component of its measurement uncertainty.